9/11 :: essays research papers

     Throughout history there soak up occurred many tragic final results. On Sept. 11, 2001 and Aug. 29, 2005, two unforgettable event wealthy person occur, where is will be remember throughout the ages of the United States history. In this show Ill be discussing the impact to the lifes and the economic changes in the U.S.     On the tragic daylight of 9/11 a day that will be unforgettable, happen in the pages of American history, the unthinkable happen. The flagellum stuck the heart of the big apple, New York City, two planes crashed into the world trade plaza and total chaos occurred, and pass aways obligate been anomic, and many injured. The terror didnt termination there, other plane hit out nations capital Washington DC, The Pentagon. Thousands of lives were befogged in a single morning, batch scatter for help and to be saved, and some die from trying to save them. The aftermath of this tragic event occurred have help brought us Americans close together and to support apiece other in times of crackinger aims regardless of tout ensemble the events that occurred.     On Aug. 29, 2005, a great nature disaster occurred in the city of New Orleans, hurricane Katrina. Flooding and drowning hundreds of people, and destroying billions of dollars building and house and etc, these tragic events have antecedent millions to be homeless and many deaths. In these times of need people fight to survive and to get back what they have lost.     These two events have affected everyone through out the world, many people struggling to live and to move on in life, some just cant let it go, both tragic incidents cause a lot of great pain and lost, an affected the US greatly. The American economic has greatly addition in price of everything, from the food we buy and to the gas use need for our cars, has sky rocketed, because of these tragic event which help rebuild and recover what was lost from these events.

Course Project †Privacy, Security & Confidentiality Training Essay

As we ar all aware the Medical Records segment has changed by leaps and bounds over the past 20 years with The wellness Insurance Portability and Accountability displace of 1996 (HIPAA) and The American Recovery and Reinvestment take on/The wellness Information Technology for sparing and Clinical wellness Act (ARRA/ take a crapECH) Act 2009 the face of sprout is forever changed. Told we as Health Information Professionals urinate a plethora of individual patients private breeding at our fingertip and it is predominant that we handle this education with the utmost care.During this training session we are deviation to go over some of the most important seclusion and guarantor components to insure that everyone knows what the rules are, and how to encourage the not only the patients tuition, but to a fault the HIT department and you as the HIT superior. Today we will cover the risque points on * Privacy, trade protection, and Confidentiality * Regulations that have im pacted hiding and surety measure * The Privacy direct The protective cover decree * HITECH Privacy and Security * HIM Role in Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality Privacy, Security, and Confidentiality It is our jobs as wellness data oversight (HIM) professionals to mark the privacy, security and confidentiality of our patients personal wellness tuition. This has been the fundamental principle for the wellness tuition profession throughout its fourscore year history.Today the HIM professional must continue to face the challenges of maintaining the privacy and security of the patient reading. Although this might sound like a naive task, it grows in complexity as data becomes more and more technical and is distributed through electronic dodges. The challenge of this responsibility has also increased collectible to the constantly changing legislative and regulatory environment.Regulations that have impacted privacy and security The two regulatory acts that have impacted the health information department the most are * The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) * The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) * Modifications to the HIPAA Privacy, Security, and Enforcement Rules the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act Proposed Rule According to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) the major goal of the HIPAA privacy rule is to settle that individuals health information is properly protect while allowing the flow of health information needed to provide and promote high quality health care and to protect the publics health and well-being.The Rule strikes a balance that permits important habituates of information, while protecting the privacy of people who look care and healing. Given that the health care marketplace is diverse, the Rule is intentional to be flexible and comprehensive to cover the variety of uses and divine revelations that need to be addr essed. (Summary, 2003) Where HIPAA was written in an attempt to protect the patients medical records by luxurious regulation to address the patient confidentiality the HITECH Act added the necessary requirements concerning the privacy and security for the health information that is so frequently being passed through applied science in more diverse ways through third party administrators, occupancyes and individuals.With the rapidly growing use of technology it became necessary to write rules that would also address the information being sent to all championship associates as well. The Privacy Rule The privacy rule set the floor in the necessary safeguards to be implemented in defend health information (PHI) across all media. It protects individuals medical records and different individually identifiable health information created or received by individuals or others. It protects the individuals health information by regulating the circumstances under which covered entities w hitethorn use and disclose protect health information and by requiring that everyone have safeguards in place to protect the privacy of the information.In addition it states that covered entities are required to have contracts or other arrangements in place with business associates that perform functions for or provide services to the covered entity, and that required main course to protected health information to ensure that these business associates likewise protect the privacy of the health information. Lastly it gives individuals responsibilitys with respect to their protected health information, including rights to meditate and obtain a copy of their health records and to request corrections. The Security Rule The security rule applies only to protected health information in electronic form. It requires covered entities to implement veritable administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect this electronic information.And also that covered entities have contrac ts in place with their business associates that the business associates will appropriately safeguard the electronic protected health information they receive, create, maintain, or transmit on behalf of the covered entities. HITECH Privacy and Security The end of the HITECH act was to strengthen the privacy and security protections through * Extending privacy and security protections to business associates of covered entities * Establishing new limitations on the use and disclosure of protected health information for marketing and fundraising purposes * Prohibiting the sale of protected health information Requiring the consideration of a limited data set as the token(prenominal) necessary amount of information * Expanding individuals rights to access of their protected health information * Expanding individuals rights to receive an accounting of disclosures of their protected health information * Expanding individuals rights to obtain restrictions on certain disclosures of protecte d health information to health plans HIM Role in Privacy, Security and Confidentiality As the demands for health information become more diverse, health information management (HIM) professionals use their expertise to protect health information and ensure the right information is available to the right people at the right time.Successful privacy, security, and confidentiality programs depend on HIM professionals, the experts on the applicable rules and regulations who are arch(prenominal) in managing healthcare data. For example, HIM professionals ensure privacy and security programs meet regulatory requirements. Once a program is in place, HIM professionals use their expertise to manage and audit the program to ensure compliance. HIM professionals hold diverse roles such as organizational and corporate privacy officers, compliance officers, and are change agents in policy developing. Sample job descriptions include Privacy Officer and Security Officer. HIM professionals advocat e for strong privacy and security programs as electronic health record (EHR) systems are implemented and upgraded.HIM professionals provide the functional requirements for electronic health information, taking into account federal and state laws, including e-discovery, to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure of health information. HIM professionals also impact privacy, security, and confidentiality standards, laws, and regulations outside of their organization. Volunteering on state HIT and HIE initiatives, responding to public comments periods, and looking for ways to participate on standards development groups such as HL7 and HIEs are a few ways HIM professionals may influence and affect change. Organizations count on HIM professionals skill sets.The convergence of people, processes, regulations, structure, standards and system design is vital to the organization. Sound privacy, security, and confidentiality practices lead to more effective management of health informati on, contributing to safe, high-quality patient care. (AHIMA, 2011) Conclusion We as health information professionals are given the task of protecting thousands of individuals private health information every year. We have taken an oath to protect this information and to lay out the patient respect and reverence when relaying any amount of information to other individuals, be it an inside entity or a business associate. It is up to for each one of us to do our duty and insure that we follow the guidelines to the letter.We must be vigilant in our daily tasks as well as sightedness that we are constantly learning new things to help us do our job better. The Code of Ethics each HIM professional must bring together to states that The HIM professional has an obligation to demonstrate actions that reflect values, ethical principles, and ethical guidelines. The American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) Code of Ethics sets forrard these values and principles to guide co nduct. The code is relevant to all regardless of their professional functions, the settings in which they work, or the populations they serve. These purposes strengthen the HIM professionals efforts to improve boilers suit quality of healthcare. (American Health Information Management Association Code of Ethics, 2011)

Electronic Literature as an Information System Essay

ABSTRACTelectronic lit is a line that encompasses artistic text editions produced for printed media which atomic number 18 consumed in electronic format, as well as text produced for electronic media that could non be printed with show up losing essential qualities. Some shake argued that the essence of electronic publications is the social occasion of multimedia, fragmentation, and/or non-linearity. Others focus on the role of com throw awayation and complex attending. Cybertext does non sufficiently describe these dusts. In this paper we propose that whole kit and boodle of electronic belles-lettres, understood as text (with attainable inclusion body of multimedia elements) designed to be consumed in bi- or multi-directional electronic media, ar best understood as 3-tier (or n-tier) nurture dodges. These tiers admit info (the textual nitty-gritty), process (com regularizeational fundamental interactions) and unveiling (on-screen edition of the narrative). The i nteraction among these stages produces what is known as the accomplishment of electronic writings.This figure for electronic belles-lettres touch offs beyond the initial approaches which either treated electronic books as computerized versions of print literature or foc employ solely on angiotensin-converting enzyme aspect of the arranging. In this paper, we build two basic arguments. On the virtuoso hand, we propose that the excogitationion of electronic literature as an  randomness system gets at the essence of electronic media, and we predict that this paradigm all(prenominal)ow pay back dominant in this field within the next few years. On the separate hand, we propose that building study systems may also terzetto in a poke of stress from peerless-time artistic novelties to recyclable systems. Demonstrating this approach, we accept kit and boodle from the _Electronic literary productions Collection Volume 1_ (Jason Nelson and Emily Short) as well as nakeder deeds by Mez and the team ga at that placed by Kate Pullinger and Chris Joseph. Glancing toward the future, we discuss the n-tier analytic thinking of the Global Poetic System and the La Flood learn.INTRODUCTIONThe ab declivityal attri neverthelesses of digital narrative pick out been, so far, close toly faithful to the origin of electronic text a commit of linked episodes that contain inter create multimedia elements. Whether or non about features could be reproduced in printed media has been subject of compete by opp binglents and prop whizznts of digital narratives. However, as the electronic media evolves, close to features truly pre set uperous to digital narrative adopt appe bed. For instance, signifi pound outt effort has been invested in creating hypertexts responsive to the endorsers actions by making links dynamic additionally, on that pane have been efforts to spend a penny systems capable of producing fictionalisation, with varying degrees of success.Both approaches have in popular that they grant greater autonomy to the computer, soly making of it an active part of the literary exchange. The increasing complexity of these systems has directed sarcastic m other outance to the renewal of the processes that produce the texts. As critics produce a flood of neologisms to affiliate these whole kit, the field is suffering from a lack of a sh ard actors line for these whole kit and caboodle, as opposed to drawing from the available computer learning and well-articulated speech of schooling systems.The set Reader, Computer, Author forms a system in which there is flow and manipulation of teaching, i.e. an _information system_. The interaction mingled with the elements of an information system whoremaster be isolated in functional tiers. For instance one or umteen selective information tiers, processing tiers, and open upation tiers. In general we entrust talk about n-tier information systems. We w ill expand this ex personate in the next section. In this system, a portion of information produced (output) is taken, totally or partially, as gossip, i.e. there is a feedback loop and therefore the process tummy be characterized as a cybernetic process. Of course, the field has already embraced the supposition of the cybertext.The term cybertext was brought to the literary worlds attention by Espen Aarseth (1997). His archetype foc physical exertions on the organization of the text in order to analyze the operate of media as an integral part of literary dynamics. According to Aarseth, cybertext is not a genre in itself. In order to banish traditions, literary genres and aesthetical value, Aarseth argues, we should inspect texts at a much to a greater extent local level. The concept of cybertext offers a way to expand the r distributively of literary studies to include phenomena that are perceived today as foreign or marginal.In Aarseths work, cybertext denotes the general set of text railroad cars which, operated by proofreaders, yield assorted texts for reading. Aarseth (1997, p. 19), refuses to condition this definition of cybertext to much(prenominal)(prenominal) vague and unfoc utilize foothold such(prenominal) as digital text or electronic literature. For the course of this paper, we will use the phrase electronic literature, as we are interested in those works that are markedly literary in that they resonate (at least on one level) with evocative linguistic content and engage with an subsisting literary corpus. season we find cybertext to be a useful concept, the taxonomies and schematics that attend this approach interfere with interdisciplinary discussions of electronic literature. Instead of use Aarseths neologisms such as textons, scriptons and traversal functions, we will use widely-accepted terminology in the field of computer scholarship. This shift is important because the concepts introduced by Aarseth, which are pertinent to the current discussion, can be abruptly mapped to concepts positive years sooner in computer science. While the neologisms introduced by Aarseth re main(prenominal) arcane, the terms used in computer science are pervasive.Although the term cybertext adds a backbone of increasingly complex inter exercise, its focus is primarily on the interaction in the midst of a exploiter and a single art object. such(prenominal) a simulation, however, insufficiently describes the constitution of such an object. Within his treatise, Aarseth is compelled to create tables of attri just nowes and taxonomies to map and classify each of these objects. What is needed is a fabric for discussing how these systems operate and how that operation contributes to an overall literary hold up.We want to make a clear distinction amidst this smell of cybertext as a reading process and more(prenominal) utter(a) description of a works infrastructure. Clearly, there are m any(prenominal) ways in which the interaction betwixt a reader and a human existence of electronic literature can happen for instance, a persona of electronic literature could be written in hypertext mark-up wording or in fool, to that extent presenting the very(prenominal) interaction with the reader. In this paper, we adapt the notion of n-tier information systems to provide a scaffolding for reading and interpreting works of electronic literature.The fact that the field of electronic literature is largely comprised of cybertexts (in the mother wit described above) that anticipate some sort of processing by the computer, has do of this processing a defining characteristic. Critics and public approach new works of electronic literature with the expectation of finding creativity and aim not only at the narrative level but also at the processing level in more cases the newness of the latter has dominated other considerations.NEW, NEWER, NEWEST MEDIAUntil now, electronic literature, or elit, has been focused on the new, leading to a unbroken drift to reinvent the wheel, the word, the image, the delivery system, and consequently reading itself. However, such an emphasis raises a number of questions. To what extent does the novel requirement of electronic literature (as the field is currently outlined) de-emphasize a textual investment in exploring the (post)human condition (the literary)? How does this emphasis on the new constrain the training of spick-and-span Media both for indites and for prospective authors? Or how does such an emphasis put elit authors into an artistic accouterments race taking on the aethetics of the militiary-industrial complex that produces their tools?literary essays that treat electronic literature focus on Flash movies, blogs, HTML pages, dynamically generated pages, converse agents, computer games, and other software applications. A fresh edition of Leonardo Almanac (AA.VV. 2006) offers several examples. Its critics/poets analyze th e information landscapes of David Small, the text art experiments of Suguru Ishizaki (2003), Brian Kim Stefans 11-minute Flash performance, and Philippe Bootzs hyaloplasm poetry broadcast. Though not all the objects are new, what they share most of all is the novelty of their out-of-doors or process or text.These works bear little analogy to one another(prenominal), a definitive characteristic of electronic literature (dissimilarity) however, their inclusion under one rubric reflects the fields fetishization of the new. This addiction, mimicking that of the hard sciences it so admires, must constantly replace old forms and old systems with the la turn out system. Arguably, therefore, any piece of electronic literature may only be as interesting as its form or its novel use of the form. Moreover, such an emphasis shifts the critical attention from the content (what we will call data) to its rendering (or presentation plus processes) primarily.Marie-Laure Ryan (2005) raised charges against such an aesthetic in her _dichtung-digital_ article. In this piece, she rails against a certain style of new media, net.art, elit art object that follows WYSINWYG (What you see is _NOT_ what you get), where the surface presents a text that is considered interesting only because of a more interesting process beneath the surface. This approach, according to Ryan, focuses on the meta-property of recursive operation. For this aesthetic, the art resides in the productive formula, and in the sophistication of the programming, rather than in the output itself (Ryan).This means that literary, or artistic value, does not reside in what appears on the screen, but in the virtuoso programming performance that underlies the text. While Ryan goes too far in her dis send packingal of experimentation, her critique holds, in as much as electronic literary reproof that puts process uber alis risks not only minimizing the textual to insignificance but also losing what should be one of elits biggest goals developing new forms for other authors to use and explore.Such an emphasis reveals a deviate that has thus far dominated new media scholarship. This selfsame(prenominal)(p) bias leads new media scholars away from literary venues for their discourse communities and instead to Boing Boing and Siggraph, sites where curiosity or commercial techno system of system of logical development dominate the discussions. It is also what spells instant obsolescence to many authorware forms.The person who uses authorware as it was mean is not the new media artist. It is the person who uses it in a new way or who reconfigures the software to do something unintended. This bm means that electronic literary artists will constantly be compelled to drive their works towards the new, in time while it means a perpetual crop of all prior authorware, cutting them off from theliterary tree. (We see this same logic in commerical software production where the 4.0 release reconfigures th e user interface and removes some of the functionality we had stand upn to love.)A disproportionate emphasis on the new overlooks the fearful areas of growth in authorship on the stabilizing, if rudimentary, authoring systems. The tide of productivity (in terms of textual output of all levels of quality) is not from an endless stream of intentions but from people who are writing text in established author information formats, from traditionalistic print to blogs. It is through the use of stabilized and reusable information systems that the greater public is being attracted to consume and produce content through digital media. Blogging is the clearest example. This is not equivalent to saying that all blogging is literary, save as not all writing is however, blogging has created a social traffic pattern of reading and writing in digital media, thus increasing the relative frequency at which literary pieces appear through that venue. This increased community activity would ha ve been impossible if each blogger had to develop their own authoring systems.To help distribute the scholarly priorities, we propose a reconsideration of electronic literature as an n-tier information system. The consequence of this shift will be twofold offset of all, it will allow us to treat content and processing independently, thus creating a clear distinction amongst works of literary deservingness and works of technological craftsmanship. While this distinction is at best problematic, considering the information system as a whole will move the digest away from over-priveleging processes. Secondly, we claim that this approach provides a unite framework with which all pieces of electronic literature can be studied.This paper is organized as follows in Section 1 (Introduction) we describe what is the problem we intend to explore, and what are the type of systems that will be described in this paper. Section 2 (Information Systems) explores the components of an informa tion system and compares the approaches of different researchers in the field. Section 3 (Examples) demonstrates that the n-tier information system approach can be used to describe a multifarious multitude of pieces of electronic literature. Section 4 (Discussion) explores the conclusions drawn from this train and set future directions.INFORMATION SYSTEMSSince electronic literature is mediated by a computer, it is clear that there must exist rules to enter information into the system, to process it, and to render an output for readers that is to say, a piece of electronic literature can be considered as an _information system_. The term information system has different meanings. For instance, in mathematics an information system is a basic experience-representation matrix comprised of attributes (columns) and objects (rows). In sociology, information systems are systems whose behavior is determined by goals of one-on-one as well as technology. In our context, information system will refer to a set of persons and machines organized to collect, store, transform, and represent data, a definition which coincides with the one widely accepted in computer science. The domain-specific twist comes when we desexualize that the data contains, but is not limited to, literary information.Information systems, callable to their complexity, are usually built in storeys. The earliest antecedent to a multi- floor approach to software computer architectures goes back to Trygve Reenskaug who proposed in 1979, while visiting the Smalltalk meeting at Xerox PARC, a pattern known as Model-View-Controller (MVC) that intended to isolate the process mold from the presentation mold. This paradigm evolved during the next ten dollar bill to give rise to multi-tier architectures, in which presentation, data and processes were isolated. In principle, it is possible to have multiplex data tiers, multiple process tiers, and multiple presentation tiers. unrivaled of the most p rominent paradigms to approach information systems in the field of computer science, and the one we deem more appropriate for electronic literature, is the 3-tier architecture (Eckerson, 1995). This paradigm indicates that processes of different categories should be encapsulated in third different shapes1. Presentation bed The somatogenic rendering of the narrative piece, for example, a sequence of physical pages or the on-screen presentation of the text.2. transition social class The rules necessary to read a text. A reader of Latin alphabet in printed narrative, for example, must cross the text from left(p) to right, from top to bottom and pass the page after the outlast word of the last line. In digital narrative, this spirit level could contain the rules programmed in a computer to build a text output.3. Data Layer Here lays the text itself. It is the set of dustup, images, video, etc., which form the narrative space.In the proposed 3-tier exercise, feedback is not onl y possible, but also a _sine qua non_ condition for the literary exchange. It is the law of continuation of McLluhans mantra the media is the message. In digital narrative, the media acts on the message. The cycle of feedback in digital narrative is (i) Readers receive a piece of information, and based on it they run a new interaction with the system. (ii) The computer then takes that input and applies logic rules that have been programmed into it by the author. (iii) The computer takes content from the data layer and renders it to the reader in the presentation layer. (iv) step -i is repeated again. Steps i through v describe a complete cycle of feedback, thus the maximum realization of a cybertext.N-tier information systems have had, surprisingly, a comparatively short penetration in the field of electronic literature. Aarseth (1997, p.62) introduced a typology for his textonomy that maps perfectly a 3-tier system Scriptons (strings as they appear to readers) correspond to the presentation layer, textons (strings as they exist in the text) correspond to the data layer, and traversal function (the mechanism by which scriptons are revealed or generated from textons and presented to the user) corresponds to the process layer.These neologisms, while necessary if we study all forms of textuality, are inessential if we focus on electronic literature. The methods developed in computer science permeate constantly, and at an accelerating rate, the field of electronic literature, specially as artists create pieces of increasing complexity. Practitioners in the field of electronic literature will be better equipped to benefit from the advances in information technology if the knowledge acquired in both fields can be bridged without a common terminology attempts to generate dialog are thwarted.The commencement reference that used computer science terminology applied to electronic literature appeared in an article by Gutierrez (2002), in which the three layers (data , logic and presentation) were clearly defined and proposed as a paradigm for electronic literature. Gutierrez (2004, 2006) explored in detail the logic (middle) layer, proposing algorithms to manage the processes needed to deliver literary content through electronic media. His proposal follows the paradigm proposed by Eckerson (1995) and Jacobson et al (1999) the system is divided into (a) topological nonmoving components, (b) users, (c) and transient components (processes). The processes in the system are analyzed and represented using sequence diagrams to depict how the actions of the users cause movement and transformation of information crossways different topological components.The next reference belongs to Wardrip-Fruin (2006) he proposes not three, but s regularer components (i) author, (ii) data, (iii) process, (iv) surface, (v) interaction, (vi) outside processes, and (vii) audiences. This vision corresponds to an extensive research in diverse fields, and the recital i s given from a literary perspective. Even though Wardrip-Fruin does not use the terminology already established in computer science, nor he makes a clear distinction between topology, actors and processes, his proposal is essentially equivalent, and independent, from Gutierrezs mannikin. In Wardrip-Fruins sample, author -i- and audience -vii- correspond to actors in the Unified Process (UP) process -iii- and interaction -v- correspond to the process layer in the 3-tier architecture (how the actors move information across layers and how it is modified) data -ii- maps directly the data layer in the 3-tier exemplification finally, surface -iv- corresponds to the presentation layer.The emergence of these information systems approaches tag the awareness that these new literary forms arise from the world of software and because benefit from traditional computer science approaches to software. In the Language of New Media, Lev Manovich called for such analysis under the rubric of S oftware Studies. Applying the schematics of computer science to electronic literature allows critics to consider the complexities of that literature without falling prey to the temperament to colonize electronic literature with literary theory, as Espen Aarseth warned in Cybertext. Such a framework provides a terminology rather than the imposition of yet another taxonomy or set of metaphors that will ever so prove to be both helpful and glaringly insufficient. That is not to say that n-tier approaches fit works without conflict. In fact, some of the most fruitful readings come from the pieces that complicate the n-tier distinctions.EXAMPLESDREAMAPHAGE 1 & 2 REVISING OUR SYSTEMSJason Nelsons Dreamaphage (2003, 2004) demonstrates the ways in which the n-tier present can open up the complexities and ironies of works of electronic literature. Nelson is an auteur of interfaces, and in the premiere version of this piece he transforms the two-dimensional screen into a multidimensio nal navigable space full of various planes. The interactor travels through these planes, encountering texts on them, corroboration of the disease. It is as if we are traveling through the data structure of the report card itself, as if the data has been brought to the surface. Though in strict terms, the data is where it ever so was supposed to be.Each plane is an object, rendered in Flash on the gasify by the processing of the navigation input and the production of vector art to fill the screen. However, Nelsons work distances us, alienates us from the visual metaphors that we have taken for the physical structures of data in the computer. Designers of operating systems work hard to naturalize our blood to our information. Opening windows, shuffling folders, croaks not a visual manifestation but the transparent glimpse of the structures themselves. Neal Stephenson has written very persuasively on the import of replacing the command line interface with these illusions.Th e story (or data) behind the piece is the tale of a virus epidemic, whose primary symptom is the constant repetition of a hallucination. Nelson issues of the virus drifting eyes. Ultimately the disease proves fatal, as patients go insane then comatose. Here the piece is evocative of the repetitive lexias of uncorrupted electronic literature, information systems that lead the reader into the same texts as a natural component of traversing the narrative. Of course, the disease also describes the interface of the planes that the user travels through, one after the other, semi-transparent planes, dreamlike visions.This version of Dreamaphage was not the only one Nelson promulgated. In 2004, Nelson published a certify interface. Nelson writes of the piece, Unfortunately the first version of Dreamaphage suffered from usability problems. The main interface was unwieldy (but pretty) and the books hard to find (plus the occasional computer crash) (Dreamaphage, _ELC I_) He reconceived of the piece in two dimensions to create a more horse barn interface. The second version is two-dimensional and Nelson has also added a few more extra bits and readjusted the medical reports. In the terms of n-tier, his changes primarily affected the interface and the data layers.Here is the artist of the interface facing the uncanny croak of their own artistic creation in a world where information systems do not lie in the stable binding in a book but in a contingent supply up that is always dependent on the surroundingss (operating systems) and frames (browser) in which they circulate. As the user tries to find a grounding in the spaces and lost moments of the disease, Nelson himself attempts to build stability into that which is always shifting. However, do to a particular difference in the way that Firefox 2.0 renders Flash at the processing layer, interactors will discover that the opening night page of the second version is squeezed into a fraction of their window, rathe r than expanding to fill the entire window.At this point, we are reminded of the works epigram, All other methods are errors. The words of these books, their dreams, contain the cure. But where is the pattern? In sleeping the same dream came again. How long before I become another lost? (opening). As we compare these two versions of the same information system, we see the same dream approach line again. The first version haunts the second as we solicit when will it, too, become one of the lost.Though Nelson himself seems to have an insatiable impulse for novel interfaces, his own artistic practices resonate well with the ethos of this article. At harangue engagements, he has made it a practice to bring his interfaces, his .fla (Flash source) files, for the attendees to take and use as they please. Nelson presents his information systems with a humble declaration that the audience may no doubt be able to find fifty-fifty more powerful uses for these interfaces.GALATEA NOVELTY R ETURNSEmily Shorts ground- jailbreak work of synergistic fiction offers another work that, like its namesake in the piece, opens up to this discussion when approached carefully. Galateas presentation layer appears to be straight forward IF fare. The interactor is a critic, encountering Galatea, which appears to be a statue of a woman but then begins to move and talk. In this novel work of interactive fiction, the interactor will not find the traditional spacial navigation verbs (go, open, throw) to be productive, as the action focuses on one room. Likewise will other verbs prove themselves unhelpful as the user is encouraged in the help instructions to talk or  ask about topics.In Shorts piece, the navigational system of IF, as it was originally instantiated in Adventure, begins to mimic a conversational system dictated by give awaywords, ala Joseph Weizenbaums ELIZA. Spelunking through a cave is replaced with conversing through an array of conversational replies. Galatea doe s not always answer the same way. She has moods, or rather, your kin with Galatea has levels of emotion. The logic layer proves to be more complex than the few verbs portend. The ply is to figure out the combination that leads to more data.Galatea uses a novel process to put the user in the position of a safe cracker, toilsome to unlock the treasure of answers. Notice how novelty has re-emerged as a key attribute here.Could there be a second Galatea? Could someone write another story using Galateas procesess. Technically no, since the work was released in a No-Derivs Creative Commons license. However, in many ways, Galatea is a second, overture in the experimental wave of artistic revisions of interactive fiction that followed the end of the commercially produced text adventures from Infocom and others. Written in Z-Machine format, Galatea is already reimagining an information system. It is a new work written in the context of Infocoms interactive fiction system.Shorts work is admittedly novel in its processes, but the literary value of this work is not defined by its novely. The data, the replies, the context they describe, the relationship they create are rich and full of literary allusions. Short has gone on to help others make their own Galatea, not only in her work to help develop the natural spoken communication IF authoring system Inform 7 but also in the conversation libraries she has authored. In doing so, she moved into the work of other developers of authoring systems, such as the makers of chatbot systems.Richard S. Wallace developed one of the most popular of these (A.I.M.L..bot), and his work demonstrates the power of creating and sharing authorware, even in the context of the tyranny of the novel.A.L.I.C.E. is the base-line conversational system, which can be downloaded and customized. Downloading the basic, surgery A.L.I.C.E. chatbot as a foundation allows users to concentrate on editing recognizeable inputs and dictatorial responses. Ra ther than worrying about how the system will respond to input, authors, or botmasters, can focus on creating what they system will say.To gain delight in as a botmaster/author, one cannot merely modify an out-of-the-box ALICE. The user should barely customize or build from the ground up using AIML, staged news markup language, the site-specific language created for Wallaces system. They must change the way the system operateslargely, because the critical attention around chatbots follows more the precedent of scientific innovation more than literary depth. However, according to Wallace, despite the critics emphasis on innovations, the users have been flocking to ALICE, as tens of thousands of users have created chatbots using the system (Be Your Own Botmaster). AIML becomes an important test case because while users may access some elements of the system, because they are not changing fundamentals, they can only make limited forays into the scientific/innovation chatbot discussi ons.Thus while our n-tier model stresses the importance of creating authorware and understanding information systems, novelty still holds an important role in the development of electronic literature. Nonetheless, interactors can at least use their pre-existing literacies when they encounter an AIML bot or a work of interactive fiction written on a acquainted(predicate) platform.LITERATRONICALiteratronic is yet another example of an n-tier system. Its design was based entirely in the concept of partitioning between presentation, process and data layers. Every interaction of the readers is stored in a interchangeized database, and influences the subsequent response of the system to each readers interactions. The presentation layer employs web pages on which the reader can access multiple books by multiple authors in multiple languages. The process layer is rather complex, since it uses a specialized artificial intelligence engine to adapt the book to each reader, based upon hi s/her interaction, i.e. and adaptive system. The data layer is a relational database that stores not only the narrative, but also readers interaction. Since there is a clear distinction between presentation, data and process, Literatronica is a 3-tier system that allows authors of multiple language to focus on the business of literary creation.MEZS CODE THE SYSTEMS THAT DO NOT physical exertion A COMPUTER1As with many systematic critical approaches, the place where n-tier is most fruitful is the where it produces or reveals contradictions. While some works of electronic literature lend themselves to clear divisions between parts of the information system, many works in electronic literature complicate that very distinction as articulated in such essays as Rita Raleys jurisprudence.surfacecode.depth, in which she traces out codeworks that challenge distinctions between presentation and processing layers.In the works of Mez (Maryanne Breeze), she creates works written in what N. Kat herine Hayles has called a creole of computer and human languages. Mez, and other codework authors, display the data layer on the presentation layer. One critical response is to point out that as an information system, the presentation layer are the lines of code and the rest of the system is whatever medium is displaying her poem. However, such an approach missed the very complexity of Mezs work. Indeed, Mezs work is often traditional static text that puts users in the role of the processor. The n-tier model illuminates her sleight of hand.trEmdollsr_ by Mezdoll_trerumors =var=monosodium glutamate val=YourPleading/> TREMOR compute her short codework trEmdollsr_ published on her site and on the Critical cypher Studies blog. It is a program that seems to describe (or self-define) the birth pangs of a new world. The work, written in what appears to be XML, cannot function by itself. It appears to assign a value to a protean named doll_trerumors, a Mez-ian (Mezozoic?) portmenteau of doll_tremors and rumors. This particular rumor beign defined is called, the fifth world, which calls up images of the indigen American belief in a the perfected world coming to replace our current fourth world.This belief appears most readily in the Hopi tribe of North America. A child of this fifth world are fractures, or put another way, the tremor of the coming world brings with it fractures. The first, post 2 inscription, contains polymers a user set to YourDollUserName, a 3rdperson set to Your3rdPerson, a location set to YourSoddenSelf, and a spikey set to YourSpiKeySelf. The user then becomes a molecule name within the fracture, a component of the fracture. These references to dolls and 3rd person seem to evoke the world of avatars. In virtual worlds, users have dolls.If the first fracture is located in the avatar of the person, in their avatar, the second centers on communication from this person or user. Here the user is defined with YourPolyannaUserName, and we are in t he world of overreaching optimism, in the face of a msg or message of YourPleading and a lastword. Combining these two fractures we have a sodden and spikey self pleading and uttering a last word presumptively before the coming rupture into the fifth world.As with many codeworks, the presentation layer appears to be the data and logic layer. However, there is clearly another logic layer that makes these words appear on whatever inerface the reader is using. Thus, the presentation layer is a deception, a challenge to the very division of layers, a revelation that hides. At the same time, we are compelled to execute the presneted code by tracing out its logic. We must take the place of the compiling program with the understanding that the coding structures are also meant to launch or allusive subroutines, that part of our brain that is constantly listening for echoes and whispersTo produce that reading, we have had to execute that poem, at least step through it, acting as the pro cessor. In the process of writing poetic works as data, she has swapped our traditional position vis-a-vis n-tier systems. Where traditional poetry establishes idenitity through Is, Mez has us nominate with a system ready to process the user who is not ready for the fifth world, whatever that may bring. At the same time, universal or even mythical realities have been systematized or simulated. There is another layer of data that is missing, supplied by the user presumably. The poem leaves its tremors in a nation of potential, waiting to operate in the context of a larger system and waiting for a user to supply the names, pleading, and lastwords.The codework means nothing to the computer. This is not to make some sort of Searlean intervention about the inability of computers to fag but to point out that Mezs code is not binding XML. Of course, Mez is not writing for computer validation but instead relies on the less systematic processing of humans who rely on a far less rigorously specified language structure. Tremors fracture even the process of assigning some signified to these doll_trerumors.Mezs poem plays upon the layers of n-tier, exposing them and inverting them. through and through the close-reading tools of Critical Code Studies, we can get to her inference and innuendo. However, we should not miss the central irony of the work, the data that is hidden, the notable lack of processing performed by this piece. Mez has hailed us into the system, and our compliance, begins the tremors that brings about this fifth world even as it lies in potential.N-tier is not the fifth world of interpretation. However, it is a tremor of recognition that literacy in information systems offers a critical awareness crucial in these emergent forms of literature.FUTURE PROJECTSTwo new projects give the sense of the electronic literature to come. The authors of this paper have been collaborating to create systems that answer Hayles call at The in store(predicate) of Elec tronic Literature in Maryland to create works that move beyond the desktop. The Global Poetic System and The LA Flood Project combine GPS, literary texts, and civic spaces to create art objects that rely on a complex relationship between various pieces of software and hardware, from diligent phones to PBX telephony to satellite technology. To fully discuss such works with the same approaches we apply to video games or Flash-based literary works is to miss this manifold interaction. However, n-tier provides a scalable framework for discussing the complex networking of systems to produce an artistic experience through software and hardware.These projects explore four types of interfaces (mobile phones, PDAs, desktop clients, and web applications) and three ways of reading (literary adaptative texts, literary classic texts, texts constructed from the interaction of the community). The central piece that glues together literary information is geolocation. When the interactor in the wo rld is one of the input systems, critics need a framework that can handle complexity. Because of the heterogeneity of platforms in which these systems run, there are multiple presentation layers (e.g. phone, laptop, etc.), multiple fit processing layers, and multiple sources of information (e.g. weather, traffic, literary content, user routes, etc.), thus requiring a n-tier approach for analysis and implementation.It is clear that as electronic literature becomes more complex, knowledge of the n-tier dilineations will be crucial not only to the answer but also the production of such works. Since the interaction of heterogenous systems is the separate of our world, an n-tier approach will up critics to open up these works in ways that help identify patterns and systems in our lives.DISCUSSIONLet us bring down the great walls of neologisms. Let us pause for locution in the race for newer new media. Let us collaborate on the n-tiers of information systems to create robust writi ng forms and the possibility of a extending the audiences that are literate in these systems.In this paper, we have described an analytical framework that is useful to divide works of electronic literature into their forming elements, in such a way that is coherent with advances in computer science and information technology, and at the same time using a language that could be easily adopted by the electronic literature community. This framework places creators, technicians, and critics on common ground. This field does not have a unified method to analyze creative works this void is a aftermath, perhaps, in the time that works of electronic literature require an element of newness and a reinvention of paradigms with every new piece.Critics are always looking for innovation. However, the unrestrained celebration of the new or novel has lead New Media to the aesthetic equivalent of an arms race. In this article we found common elements to all these pieces, bridging the gap between c omputer science and electronic literature with the hopes of encouraging the production of sustainable new forms, be they stand alone or composed of a conglomeration of media forms, software, and users.As works of electronic literature continue to become more complex, bringing together more heterogeneous digital forms, the n-tier model will prove scalable and nuanced to help describe each layer of the work without forcing it into a pre-set positions for the sake of theory. We have to ask at this point how does this framework handle exceptions and increasing complexity?It is interesting to consider how the proposed n-tier model might be adapted to cope with dynamic data, which seems to be the most complex case. Current literary works tend to process a fixed set of data, generated by the author it is the mode of traversing what changes. Several software solutions may be used to solve the issue of how this traversal is left in the hands of the user or mediated yet in some way by the aut hor through the presentation system. The n-tier model provides a way of identifying three basic ingredients the data to be traversed, the logic for deciding how to traverse them, and the presentation which conveys to the user the selected portions at the selected moments. In this way, such systems give the impression that the reader is shaping the literary work by his/her actions. Yet this, in the simple configuration, is just an illusion.In following the labyrinth set out by the author, readers may feel that their journey through it is always being built anew. But the labyrinth itself is already fixed. Consider what would happen when these systems leave computer screens and move into the world of mobile devices and present art as Hayles predicted they would at the 2007 ELO conference. How could the system cope with changing data, with a labyrinth that rebuilds itself differently each time based on the path of the user? In this endeavor, we would be shifting an increasing resp onsibility into the machine which is running the work. The data need not be modified by the system itself.A simple initial approach might be to allow a subset of the data to be drawn from the real environment outside the literary work. This would introduce a measure of uncertainty into the set of possible situations that the user and the system will be faced with. And it would force the author to consider a much wider range of alternative situations and/or means of solving them. Interesting initiatives along these lines might be found in the various systems that combine literary material with real-world information by using, for example, mobile hand-held devices, provided with means of geolocation and networking.With respect to the n-tier model, the changes introduced in the data layer would force additional changes in the other layers. The process layer would grow in complexity to acquire the ability to react to the different possible changes in the data layer. It could be possible for the process layer to pursue all the required changes, while retaining a version of the presentation layer similar to the one used when dealing with static data. However, this may put a heavy load on the process layer, which may result in a slightly clumsy presentation. The clumsiness would be perceived by the reader as a slight imbalance between the dynamic content being presented and the static means used for presenting it.The breaking point would be reached when readers become aware that the material they are receiving is being presented inadequately, and it is apparent that there might have been better ways of presenting it. In these cases, a more complex presentation layer is also required. In all cases, to enable the computer to deal with the new type of situations would require the programmer to encode some means of appreciating the material that is being handled, and some means of automatically converting it into a adequate format for communicating it to the user. I n these task, current research into knowledge representation, natural language understanding, and natural language generation may provide very interesting tools. But, again, these tools would exist in processing layers, and would be dependent on data layers, so the n-tier model would still apply.The n-tier information system approach remains valid even in the most marginal cases. It promises to provide a unified framework of analysis for the field of electronic literature. Looking at electronic literature as an information system may signal another shift in disciplinary emphasis, one from a kind of high-theory humanities criticism towards something more like Human Computer Interface scholarship, which is, by its nature, exceedingly pragmatic. Perhaps a better way would be to try bring these two approaches closer together and to encourage dialogue between usability scientists and the agents of interpretation and meaning. Until this shift happens, the future of new media may be a dev elopmental 404 error page.REFERENCESAA.VV. New Media Poetry and Poetics Special _Leonardo Almanac_, 145, September 2006. universal resource locator http//www.leoalmanac.org/journal/vol_14/lea_v14_n05-06/index.asp number 1 accessed on 12/2006.AARSETH , Espen J. _Cybertext Perspectives on Ergodic Literature_. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1997.CALVI, Licia. lecturer in rebus The role of the reader and the characteristics of hyperreading. In _Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia_, pp 101-109. ACM Press, 1999.COOVER, Robert.Literary Hypertext The Passing of the Golden bestride of Hypertext. _Feed Magazine_. http//www.feedmag.com/document/do291lofi.html First accessed 4 August 2006.ECKERSON, Wayne W.Three Tier Client/Server Architecture Achieving Scalability, Performance, and might in Client Server Applications. _Open Information Systems_ 10, 1. January 1995 3(20).GENETTE, Gerard. _Paratexts Thresholds of Interpretations_. Cambridge Univ ersity Press, New York, NY, 1997.GUTIERREZ, Juan B. Literatrnica sobre cmo y porqu crear ficcin para medios digitales. In _Proceedings of the 1er Congreso ONLINE del Observatorio para la CiberSociedad_, Barcelona, http//cibersociedad.rediris.es/congreso/comms/g04gutierrez.htm First accessed on 01/2003.GUTIERREZ, Juan B. Literatrnica Hipertexto Literario Adaptativo. in _Proceedings of the 2o Congreso del Observatorio para la Cibersociedad_. Barcelona, Spain. URL http//www.cibersociedad.net/congres2004/index_f.html First accessed on 11/2004.GUTIERREZ, Juan B. Literatronic Use of Hamiltonian cycles to produce adaptivity in literary hypertext. In _Proceedings of The link up Conference Mathematical Connections in Art, Music, and Science_, pages 215-222. Institute of Education, University of London, August 2006.HAYLES, N. Katherine. Deeper into the Machine The hereafter of Electronic Literature. _Culture Machine_. Vol 5. 2003. http//svr91.edns1.com/culturem/index.php/cm/article/viewArt icle/245/241 First accessed 09/2004. Storytelling in the digital Age Narrative and Data. Digital Narratives conference. UCLA. 7 April 2005.HILLNER, Matthias.Virtual Typography Time perceptual experience in Relation to Digital Communication. New Media Poetry and Poetics Special Issue, _Leonardo Electronic Almanac_ Vol 14, No. 5 6 (2006). http//leoalmanac.org/journal/vol_14/lea_v14_n05-06/mengberg.asp First accessed 25 Sep. 2006JACOBSON I, BOOCH G, RUMBAUGH J. _The unified software development process_. Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc. Boston, MA, USA, 1999.LANDOW George P. _Hypertext 2.0_. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1997.MANOVICH, Lev. _The Language of New Media_. MIT, Cambridge, MA, 2002.MARINO, Mark. Critical Code Studies. _Electronic Book Review_, December 2006. http//www.electronicbookreview.com/thread/electropoetics/codology First Accessed 12/2006.MEZ.trEmdollsr_ _Critical Code Studies_. April 2008. http//criticalcodestudies.com/wordpress/2008/04 /28/_tremdollsr_/ First accessed 04/2008.MONTFORT, Nick.Cybertext . _Electronic Book Review_, January 2001. URL http//www.altx.com/EBR/ebr11/11mon First accessed on 06/2006.NEA. _Reading At stake A Survey of Literary Reading in America_. National talent for the Arts, 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW. Washington, DC 20506-0001, 2004.PAJARES TOSCA, Susana and Jill Walker.Selected Bibliography of Hypertext Critcism. _JoDI_. http//jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v03/i03/bibliography.html First accessed October 24, 2006.Raley, Rita. Code.surfaceCode.depth. _Dichtung Digital_. 2006. http//www.dichtung-digital.org/2006/1-Raley.htm First accessed 08/2006.RODRGUEZ, Jaime Alejandro. Teora, Prctica y Enseanza del Hipertexto de Ficcin El Relato Digital. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot, Colombia, 2003. http//www.javeriana.edu.co/relatodigital First accessed on 09/2003.RYAN, Marie-Laure. Narrative and the Split Condition of Digital textbookuality. 1. 2005. URL http//www.brown.edu/Research/dichtung-d igital/2005/1/Ryan/ First accessed 4 October 2006VERSHBOW, Ben.Flight Paths a Networked Novel. _IF Future of the Book_. December 2007 http//www.futureofthebook.org/blog/archives/2007/12/flight_paths_a_networked_novel.html First Accessed 01/2008.WALLACE, Richard S. Be Your Own Botmaster. Alice AI Foundation Inc. 2nd ed. 2004.WARDRIP-FRUIN, Noah. _Expressive Processing On Process-Intensive Literature and Digital Media_. Brown University. Providence, Rhode Island. May 2006.WARDRIP-FRUIN,Noah. 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Importance of Securing Items

It would be nice if we were able to wake up, get dressed, and lay start any additional clothes, or uniforms we may need later on in the day. Then go to eat breakfast at a local favorite restaurant getting in and out of your fomite quickly without care or worry. It would be nice to chat and handicraft info with your friends and family, or enquire help with someone different on-line. To be able to come back fireside after a yen day of work, and leave the outside world to itself, would be greatHowever, the veracity of it all is that doing so in this world, is not simply dangerous, but besides potentially deadly. For us to be able to function in at onces society requires security. And this security is needed in almost all aspect of life no matter how large or diminutive it may be. Yes, e preciseone can agree that a vehicle needs to be secured. Without security, criminals are able to climb in, start it up, and drive off. You generate entirely lost your primary form of transport ation. That leads to delays in work, or even losing a job.Then trying to get a job would be serious without a vehicle, making life more and more trying. In instantlys news, as well as ads, we are informed of the immenseness of security when it comes to ones home. Criminals and burglars, target locations with no or very little security. Large valuable items are easily obtained through this. tear down ones life is in potential danger without home security. One of the most important things that need security, whether you are single or a family, is as simple as a desk or hem in locker. Almost anything we do each day can be appoint in one.We tend to put car keys, and house keys in a desk or locker. We also tend to keep important paper or receipts from wherever we went or did through the day. Or we may have small items like jewelry, and cash stored away. Without security measures in place, these items would be outright obtainable to anyone. Not only from those that want to take th ings from you. Not only from those that would take and use your things against you, like your bank info, your social security fare to name a few. But also those near to you that you love.A chela can enter an unsecured cabinet and get hands on poisonous cleaning supplies, or medications or even a handgun that may have been meant for protection. It would nearly, if not be the worst to ever emit to lose a child, or other family member, because a locker or desk was unsecured. So it is very important to be ever vigilant in ensuring that your things, especially your wall locker is secured at all times. Start practicing today, and every day. Then you can have one of those days that will be nice to wake up to safe, and sound.

Quality Philosophy Evaluation Essay

Focus opus on woodland Philosophy EvaluationFocus Paper on Quality Philosophy EvaluationEdward Deming led the character reference revolution and delimitate it from the customers perspective. He argues that the customers definition of fibre is the only one that matters (Dale & axerophthol van Iwaarden, 2007). He delimit eccentric as the extent by which the performance meets the expectations of the customer. He also argued that caliber is the responsibility of perplexity. Deming conveyed the brilliance of leaders in the cultivation of a destination of fiber. The principles that underpin his philosophy also indicate that workers were to be trained and introduced to olfactory sensation of quality. He argued that employees should process a key role in the revolution of the organization. He proposed the 14 point philosophy of quality.1. Create a stark(a) drive towards improvement or plan for quality in the vast term.2. Embrace the new philosophy and adopt quality in the a ll in all organization3. Constant and perpetual improvement4. Organizations should not rely on inspections5. Rely on a single supplier for one detail in order to ensure consistency6. The elimination of oversight by objectives7. Unclear slogans should be removed8. The barriers which exist between departments should be embarrassed9. The transformation to quality should be everyones job10. The removal of barriers which sustain pride of workmanship11. The implementation of education and self improvement12. discipline confidence and eliminate fear in job performance13. educational activity should be used to remove variations14. The organization should have quality leadershipJoseph JuranJoseph Juran has also published a vast amount of literature on the topic of quality. Juran has two definitions of quality. The first defines quality as the features of products that meet the ineluctably of the customers and which then allow for customer satisfaction (Juran, 2003). The second definit ion definesquality as the freedom from errors and freedom from deficiencies which necessitate the redoing of work. Juran came with a trilogy philosophy of quality management. This philosophy included * Quality improvement-this is the process by which originations experience breakthrough in quality * Quality control-this involves the detection of the difference between tangible performance and the set goals. * Quality planning-this involves developing processes and products which meet the expectations of the customer. * The above tether dimensions of quality were seen as a prerogative of management by Juran. Quality control defines the standard of measure by which quality is determined. Juran saw workers as the implementers of quality. Philip CrosbyPhilip Crosby had a zero point defects philosophy on quality management. He defined quality as being the conformance to requirements. He saw zero defects as the performance standard. He argued that everyone should do things right the f irst time. Therefore, according, to his philosophy, workers play a fundamental role in promoting quality (Oppenheim, Oppenheim & Levine, 2005). Lewis IrelandHe defined quality as the totality of characteristics and features of a service or product that enable it to meet the stated or the implied needs. Lewis Ireland focused on quality in projects. In 1991, Lewis wrote Quality Management for Projects and Programs and stated the importance of integrating quality in projects (Rose, 2005). He has a project management quality philosophy. He argued that quality planning should be used to divulge quality standards which are relevant for the project. Project managers have a detailed role to play in managing quality. RecommendationThe philosophy espoused by Edward Deming holds more water in the current competitive business environment. Deming views quality as a change management initiative which is permanently existent in the methods, systems and processes. He provides the principles w hich should be followed by management in order to snip a culture of quality. In addition, his philosophy is more comprehensive and waxy and therefore easily applied by todays managers.ReferencesDale, B. G., & van Iwaarden, J. (2007). Managing quality. Blackwell PublishingJuran, J. M. (2003). Juran on leadership for quality. Simon and Schuster.Oppenheim, A. J., Oppenheim, R., & Levine, D. M. (2005). Quality management (pp. 75-76). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Rose, K. (2005). Project quality management why, what and how. J. Ross Publishing.

Marketing Channel Management Exam Essay

enliven start separately section on a new page. 3. occupy write intelligibly and neatly. tag will be penalized for bad writing. 4. Cross out both unwritten pages in the answer sheet. 5. Calculators are allowed to be used during the exam. scratch A 5 X 2 Marks = 10 Marks This section consists of Multiple Choice questions. Please mark you answer in the answer sheet by writing only the option keep agglomerate after the question number.Please write only what is asked. As a thumb rule, write a maximum of a page for severally 10 attach and half a page for a 5 marks question. 1. Define Marketing Channels. Explain how and why marketing carry are managed. marks 2. What are the responsibilities of a gross revenue executive? 5 marks 3. Illustrate the sales call process and write down all the steps involved in the sales call. 5 marks 4. Draw a typical marketing subscriber line for a clutch product and illustrate the flow with directions for the spare-time activity A. Money B. Stock C. development 10 marks Section C This section consists of numerical questions. Please illustrate all steps and try to show calculations wherever possible. Please state any assumption you are making clearly. Question 15 marksPlease estimate the number of sales executives, and supervisors needed for the following Channel Partner for Hindustan Singleshaft which is a top FMCG company in India. The channel partner has to service 1000 outlets. The categorization is given below along with the time required to complete a sales call at each outlet and the frequency of visiting the outlets.The time required to displace from one outlet to another is 10 minutes on an average. severally Sales Executive has a six day move around week and works for 10 hours a day including an hour long dejeuner break. So each sales executive has 9 effective hours of work for 6 six days a week. Assume a 10% buffer sales force in your estimation. For every 4 sales executives one supervisor is required to sup ervise them.

Violence in media

scummy relationships), education (Insignifi hind endt schooling), socioeconomic status and community (egg. Neighborhood force out) M West, M Marrow, D Hamburger, M Boxer, P, 2008, p. 929). Although exposure to media someonenel is non the simple origin for scrappy demeanor, it is however, the single most curable contributing reason. Violence is perceptibly becoming a key factor indoors todays inn medias comment and representation of strength on on the whole forms of interaction must bring a section on our bearing to date.Theorists have established from new-made look into that tempestuous media for instance, flick games and movies, temporarily Increase warring thoughts. scrappy affect and physiological arousal (Carnage, Anderson, &038 Bartholomew, 2007, p. 179), thence creating raging behaviors. In addition, Anderson cited that, the manufacture markets baseless video games to underage kids (Anderson, 2004, p. 1 1 which evokes violent thoughts, bogus and a ggressive actions. Through this proposed national a major issue increase in spite of appearance the bea of media abandon would be addressed.This Issue that needs to be noninsured Is the long-term fiercenesss that whitethorn occur to the callowness. In this context, physiological desensitising displays trim or no emotional feelings or empathy for other(a)s, due to media influencing thoughts, feelings and motives originally this has become a concern as media increased the likelihood of violent behavior (Houseman, L &038 Taylor, L, 2006 &038 Carnage, N, Anderson, C &038 Bartholomew, B, 2007). The aim of this ruminate is to investigate the capability gaps to help understand the relationship between violence in the media, and aggressive behavior between he younker of today.Firstly, notwithstanding the substantial entropy already gathered on the short-term effects of media violence, little reading has been able to link media and young adults to seriously violent behaviora l tendencies (Hobart, M West, M Marrow, D Hamburger, M Boxer, P, 2008, p. 930). Secondly, the studies undertaken to date on the effects of media violence influencing hostile behavior, seem to be more noticeable for the earlier long time with once a reach only touching the boundaries In regards to adolescents.This report entrusting analyses behavior and affects as not been fully investigated &038 recorded in the past times due to concentration of research on media violence on adolescents. I wish to undertake this research to see if a link elicit be established between media violence and the seemingly known invasion for this age sort. If proven this would assist our legislators draft comprehensive legislation, based on sound research, to address issues &038 house protection for our youth going forward. Analyses of this mull over earmark focus particularly on the pervasiveness and the characteristics of young adults exposed to violence finished movies and video games.Aims an d Objectives The specific aim of this examine is to critically quantify the association between violence in the media and the expression of seriously violent behavior among the youth, ages 18-24, in a quota ingest. The objectives of this project are to 1 . critically consider existing knowledge and gaps on this particular topic. 2. Classify and interpret the different effects for different media. 3. Develop still theory to examine if media violence is considered a problem. 4. Evaluate peoples perceptions of the impact media violence has on themselves and other young individuals in the youth. . Make recommendations to address issues and provide protection for the youth going forward. Literature review A significant and growing dust of researchers state that the youth exposure to media violence haves to increased aggressiveness (Slater. M, Henry, K, Swami, R &038 Anderson, L, 2003, p. 713). This can be seen as a serious problem within the society due to the fact media violence primes the viewers for aggressive behavior by stimulating violent-related thoughts, evokes imitation and increases arousal (Meyer, 1010, P. 243).Nonetheless, many individuals believe that media violence will not affect hem negatively or directly. However, the outcomes for media violence present instant effects or long-term effects within individuals, especially passim the numerous types of media. From a social-neuroscience viewpoint, video games are pictured as a different type of media than telly and movies, mainly because video games are more interactive and immerse, engaging neural systems which activate and effect aggressive behaviors (Carnage, Anderson, &038 Bartholomew, 2007, p. 79) in this context, video games primarily engage the players, allowing these players o break themselves as the attacker, to receive direct awards and promote In addition, physiological desensitizing needs to be considered for the youth as this theory leads to reduced or no emotions towards others as suggested by Carnage, Anderson &038 Bartholomew, where they state Moline in movies and on television has changed many individuals reactions so much that they laugh at human suffering, hence suggesting that this immediate effect is linked to an increase in aggression and reduced sympathy (2007, p 180).Therefore this may demonstrate Eng term and repeated exposure to violence in all aspects of the media can influence and increase aggression byout their lifespan. Various studies previously undertaken regarding video game violence and its possible forward motion of antisocial behavior, shows the individual identifying and role-playing the violent characters. This is evident in a get hold of conducted by Douglas Gentile (2004) about young individuals who frequently played violent video games, and were more apparent to have increased aggression and fights then those who participated in non-hostile media games.Similarly, Potter suggests that when violence permeates the media year af ter year in all kinds of programming and when the message of that violence is antisocial, the mean of society is likely to move gradually in an antisocial direction (Potter, 2003, p. 50), therefore, creating the key imagination that individuals will try harder to gain social acceptance through aggressive actions due to the cause of violent media. SECTION B Methodology and interrogation design Methodology The proposed research conducted would be best lead through an interpretative paradigm as the theoretical framework for this study.Interpretative seeks to comprehend and limn human social reality, an understanding that is diverse for every individual person (Walter, 2010). This research will endeavourer to understand the impact media violence has on the youth within society and how behavior can be influenced and imitated through entropy-based viewing. To comprehend the aim of this study, a mixed methodology of quantitative and soft research will be used for the investigation. A s part of the quantitative research, quota sampling will be utilized to segregate the population as the research focuses only on the youth populace, ages 18-24.Additionally, a convenience haphazard sample come on check into monkey will be utilized to gain the data of a small sample group consisting of 20 individuals. The questions asked will help gain ad hominem perspectives of individuals and assist in understanding, if, why and how types of media cause aggression and behavioral changes in the youth. Furthermore, other factors much(prenominal) as socioeconomic status, environmental, and education aspects are considered within the sample survey as they can determine whether individuals behaviors can be Just alter by these factors or also linked in with media violence.Research portrayed suggested that visit socioeconomic status societies on average watch more television, thus presents higher dosage of media violence (Cantor, J, 2000). This project will gather breeding from ke y individuals based on their own The qualitative approach will be applied to analyses numerous types of literature and data to support the research proposal. This project will conduct a detailed investigation into the study conducted by Anderson, C &038 Dill, K (2000) on their examination of violent video games affecting aggressive behaviors in the laboratory and in life.Anderson, C &038 Dill, K (2000) study the miens in which media shapes individual behaviors based on aggression-related variables and personal characteristics. The myriad types of literature will be thoroughly examined and pard with the quantitative study to finalist an outcome. Research design The research aims to understand whether young individuals within todays society are influenced and dominated by the violence portrayed within the media, which can lead to changed behaviors. The first task is to select the participants for this convenient random sample survey.This research will target the youth populace ages 18-24, with 20 participants both male and female conveniently selected to participate. All participants will remain unknown and will take place through survey monkey in order for subjects to easily access the sample survey. The second task is to provide the link to the youth, ages 18-24, for the sample survey to be completed. The link will be conveniently published on the University of Western Sydney Backbone page to gain anonymous participants. The surveys will consist of liker- type and open-ended questions to make the survey in-depth, yet ass to complete.A third task to be undertaken whilst the surveys are cosmos completed is to conduct the qualitative approach within this study. This methodology will be utilized to examine myriad types of literature to gather and compare data to gain an outcome. The data gathered will be analyses through statistical and text analysis of the methodology developed. Through survey monkey, the data is manually analyses from the participant surveys completed, in which, an excel sheet will be created and the results conveyed within the survey will be investigated further to help sustain the proposal.Ethical procedures Ethical considerations are essential when undertaking research methodology. Issues such as confidentially, anonymity and the veracious to withdrawal from the study are significant principles that are put in place for this study, for the respect of the participants. Informed consent is the alkali for research and an important aspect provided to potential subjects. This study will provide the participants with an information sheet detailing all the information about the study being conducted in a clear and brief manner.Along with the information sheet, a consent form will be sent voluntarily and to be free from coercion. For ethical reasons, subjects will only be allowed to complete this study if they are 18 years of age this will be distinctly stated in the consent form to avoid any issues further down the tra ck. The process of the consent form will also affect that subjects have to right to withdrawal from the study at any point. The right to confidentiality is essential in research (Polite &038 Beck, 2010) but may be counterpoint in this proposed study.This is due to the facts that the surveys will be asking for their own perspectives, opinions and experiences, which ay lead to break confidentiality. However, participants identities will remain protected from the public. Through the research methodology for this study, there is a myriad of benefits and risks that may be presented. With the online surveys being the primary form of data collection for this study, this has allowed for a cost-effective and efficient way of collecting information from a population.However, concerns arise with this form of surveying, as it is not secure in preventing under age individuals from completing it. In addition, a risk that may influence this study is the act that not all youths are the same and w hat may disturb one individual may have no effect on another. Likewise, development concerns, emotional due date and relationships with others seem to be a much more significant role in determining if an individual is at risk for violent behavior (Media smart, 2012).

Management practices Essay

A. Comparison Lets take a heart at some organizations/companies that won some awards regarding the faithfulness in management. For the put up chain excellence, the Starbucks Coffee chain having the strategy model of high-velocity build-to-order delivery services has been recognized. The Starbucks Coffee won one of the dealings on the supply chain excellence speed. To measure the excellence in management of the Starbucks Coffee, a checklist was made with all the criteria of being fantabulous in management as the standard basis. Criteria Starbucks (does the company possess the following)YES No Strategic Planning v strong Delivery v obligation v Innovation v Sustainability v Learning Culture v Measurement of Achievement v hands Development v endeavour v Leadership v Customers minginess v Another eccentric of a company that we will evaluate is the Mississippi force play. The Mississippi Power products become forth of the market and become obsolete. The company faces the defla tion when their product (electricity) dramatically goes down from a hundred dollars worth per unit to the price amounting of lead dollars per unit. Criteria Mississippi Power YES No.Strategic Planning v Effective Delivery v Accountability v Innovation v Sustainability v Learning Culture v Measurement of Achievement v Workforce Development v Enterprise v Leadership v Customers Intimacy v The comparison showed by each checklist each of companies have in brief tells us whether they possess the qualities an excellence in management moldiness acquire. An excellence in management in an organization must fix out to its integrated range, the organizations NEEDS, the activities/projects RESULTS, human capital/organization WORKS, and the organizations COMPETENCE.Identification of inescapably must be considered first. After identifying these needs, will be the formulation of objectives that will satiate the needs of the organization. The works to be done, processes, methods, approaches, to get these consequences come to the third step. by means of the pursuit for excellence of the organization, it will eventually improve its competitiveness in the constantly changing market. As shown in the diagram, the first is to know the needs. The needs will determine the results and then the results will determine if the needs conform to the resulting output (Barclay, 1997).Also shown in the diagram is the competence can be achieved through empowerment of leaders and managers to do the work (motivation of workers by the leaders and manager). And the work done would define the results. Vice versa, the results will dictate regarding the work, whether the work done is appropriate for the expected result or if there is a need for an improvement.Reference Barclay, R. O. (1997). What is knowledge management? Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http//www. media-access. com/whatis.html Pollock, N. (2001). Knowledge forethought bordering Step to Competitive Advantage Organizational Exce llence. Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0KAA/is_5_30/ai_80747127 Resources, B. (2006). Developing an neighborly Technology Plan. Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http//www. microsoft. com/enable/business/plan. aspx Studies, F. (2004).Federation take away 2001 A Study of the Incentive Merchandise and Travel Marketplace Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http//www.incentivecentral. org/Federation_Study_2001__A_Study_of_the_Incentive_Merch. 457. 0. html William K. Redmon, A. M. E. D. (2005).Promoting Excellence through Performance Management. Retrieved June 19, 2007, from http//books. google. com. ph/books? id=cQaKwOyf0G4C&dq=Excellence+through+Performance+Management&pg=PP1&ots=KGWsYsAPQz&sig=XjSUTaKJeq1qndHXpyTrz5iq5vc&prev=http//www. google. com. ph/search%3Fhl%3Dtl%26q%3DExcellence%2Bthrough%2BPerformance%2BManagement%26meta%3D&sa=X&oi=print&ct=result&cd=1PPP7,M1.

Turn of the Screw

Claire Carlson English 3H February 7, 2013 Period 1 gush Essay Turn of the Screw Page I The Governess and Miles Page II The Governess and Mrs. Grose Page III Corruption of Innocence Henry Jamess Turn of the Screw is the eerie tale of a governess sent to caution for two mischievous young children, flora and Miles. Many people stray it for a ghost tier, but the story actually focuses more on the governesss relationship with the children. Her thirst for acceptance gradually grows as the story progresses, and she becomes especially fascinated with Miles.Women have always been viewed as slightly wanting(p) to men they are depicted as weak and fragile creatures, precisely serving as a companion for man. They are manipulative and a good deal use charm and looks as methods of persuasion. In Turn of the Screw, the governess s strength while around Miles is flirtatious and almost inappropriate and she uses him to fill the discharge of the childrens beloved uncle whom she lusts for . The above example of the governesss craving for Miless attention can be easily compared to the behavior exhibited by lots of the female population today.Note that the woman is always seeking to please the man, and strives to occupy and serve him. The attitude of women in the modern world is becoming more and more submissive almost voluntarily. Miless reaction to the behavior of the unkn experience governess is merely compliant, and in some instances of the novel he somewhat encourages her inappropriate behavior. Mrs. Grose, the simpleminded and somewhat slow house detainmenter at the estate, represents a middle ground amongst the mischievous children and whimsical governess. The proofreader can easily conclude that the governess abuses Mrs.Groses quite malleable opinion of the children. In several instances, the governess consults Mrs. Grose and uses her as an expiration for her frustrations with the children. As the governess shares her ghostly encounters with Quint and Miss Jessel, she convinces Mrs. Grose that her hysteria is justified. Since Mrs. Grose is not significantly talkative, it is difficult to form a conclusion about her opinion of the children and the governess. The reader has to infer that Mrs. Grose has spent quite some time at the estate, and has a good deal experience with the childrens behavior. Mrs.Grose doesnt necessarily agree or dissent with the statements and assertions made by the governess, she is merely a cache, storing the governesss thoughts and responding with uncomprehending feedback. The childrens relationship with Mrs. Grose is somewhat distant and peculiar. They only consult her for affirmation and approval. In conclusion, Mrs. Grose is mainly an unresponsive character and is not a major specify on the circumstances of the story. Since the governess seldom approaches the children directly, we can infer that she would rather keep her knowledge of Quint and Jessel to herself.She often consults Mrs. Grose in order to g ather as much as she can about the two. The governess is afraid that the children know overly much, and fears that their knowledge of Quint and Jessels sexual relationship will sham them negatively. The fact that she is more concerned about the children knowing too much rather than protecting them from the possible harm that the ghosts can inflict, shows the reader that the governess incorporates her own fears and desires into the situation. In conclusion, Turn of the Screw is a much more tortuous and confusing story than meets the eye.The reader must question the behavior of the governess and the children in order to gather valuable information about the ghosts, and it seems as though in certain instances that Quint and Jessel are living through Flora and Miles. The governess is indeed a much more questionable character than the ledger portrays her to be. From my experience with both the book and a movie interpretation of the book, I have concluded that the governess is actuall y the main source of the hysteria and damage at Bly.

Motivation Proposal Essay

Five schoolchilds need to plow together to prep be and present a paper for Finance class. every last(predicate) disciples give receive the same grade, regardless on how much case and input they down put into the project. Two of the students are not force their weight. The firstly student only attends half of the eon and does not have much to contribute, if everything. The second student seems uninterested and would rather tell jokes to suck up the snip since she does not need the grade to graduate. Question How to get the 2 students more motivated and involved in the project?Resolution Recommendations Unfortunately, in that location is no single magical formula for motivating students. Many factors motivate a given students motivation to work and to apprize (qtd. in Davis, Barbara) interest in the subject matter, perception of its usefulness, general longing to achieve, self-confidence and self-esteem, as well as patience and persistence. And, of course, not al ang iotensin-converting enzyme students are motivated by the same values, need, desires, or wants. Some of your students will be motivated by the approval of separates, some by overcoming ch eitherenges (Davis, Barbara).both students appear to be uninterested in their grades or interest. As suggested by the Expectancy Theory in Contemporary Management by G. R. Jones and J. M. George, workers do not believe that performance and rewards are closely linked. Furthermore, workers do not value the rewards offered for performance. Both students see a lack of value for their participation. Suggestions bookman 1 This student shows up only about half the time and does not participate. Could be that he/she does not feel that they have any real input that would be worthy enough for consideration.They are sequestered and unresponsive. Encouraging this student not only to participate, but also pass positive reinforcement in the way of compliments and showing honest interest in their input, no matter how small, will help to skeleton their esteem and confidence, effectively drawing them into to becoming a better subscriber to the group. This kind of reinforcement is also mentioned in Alderfers ERG Theory stating that relatedness is one of a persons highest needs which are encouraged through with(predicate) good relations and accurate feedbacks (Contemporary Management).Student 2 This student plainly has no interest in the project or the needs of the other students because she has already earned her reward graduation. The final outcome, the grade, has no bearing on her and she is only half-heartedly attending and buying time until the class is over. Because this student feels that there is no gain or reward for her performance, it is suggested that the other students should taste to approach the situation to meet her relatedness needs, that of interpersonal relations and feelings (Contemporary Management).Encourage this student to be part of the group on the academic level, suggesting that their thoughts and input are helpful and needed. Also congratulate and praise the student for already having met the needs for graduation and how her knowledge would greatly benefit the group. This will help disaster her ego and since of worth while also helping to meet other of her higher needs, that of self-development and creative work (Contemporary Management). Conclusion For both students to turn more active and greater contributors to the project, the individual needs of each essential be discovered and met accordingly.As it appears that neither student is too pertain about their grades, the next step is to decipher what does appeal to them and how to meet those needs. The first student could be classified as an introvert, not comfortable world part of a group and not comfortable enough with their thoughts to circumstances them with others. By encouraging him/her, asking questions, and giving appropriate praise when participation is given, this b uilds confidence and comfort and allows for the individual to become more active in the project. The second student does not feel the need to participate because all of her requirements are met.She is merely going through the motions, waiting out her time until the class is finished. Encouraging her to become active because her opinions and input are invaluable will help give her self worth and a experience of being needed, giving her a reason to have a more active role in the project. Works Cited Davis, Barbara Gross. Motivating Students. Tools for Teaching. 26, March 2010. http//honolulu. hawaii. edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/motiv. htm. Jones, G. R. & adenylic acid George, J. M. Contemporary Management. 5th Edition. ISBN 978007353022.

A Comparative Study Of Australian Indigenous And Non Indigenous Education Essay

Australia has a spectacular discontinuity between natal and Non- autochthonal tone expectancy, facts of lifeal achievement and utilisation opportunities. (Coag. gov. au. 2014) There is a pressing need for an Australian original Education Reform. This need for remedy is get downicularly necessary in conflicting and northern, socially disadvant exit on withd Australian communities where go to rates argon woeful, along with low academic outcomes by Australian national standards. This reform needfully to ensure consideration of endemic ethnic needs and wants.The aim of this sweets report is to discuss the disparity between Australian indigenous and Non- original persons Education and make recommendations based on the effectiveness of menses reforms in place to minimise the inequality between the two demographics. The paper pull up stakes look at serviceance statistics of initiate aged fryren in uncreated school and eminent school, completion statistics of sp unkyest school reservations entire, highest non-school might obtained and employment statistics for full-of-the-moon time and part time autochthonic and non- original workers The near recent government implemented strategy provide be short evaluated. Along with this, recommendations will be made.These suggestions can hopefully be change and implemented in countries that have an inconsistency their in nationwide fosterage statistics. Placing high importance on the improvement of Australias natural and Non- natal cultivation disparities will create a ripple effect and improve autochthonic health and employment opportunities. Children who attend school on a cursory basis will be exposed to health and well macrocosm syllabus, pose their knowledge into practice within their community. indigenous Primary school children with fixture attention will have an easier transition into secondary school, with the improved likelihood of achieving a higher non-school qualification thus positively affecting the dispersal of workers in society. For the purpose of this paper, the following remits bellow will be referred to and the schooling within will be used to concentrate and stimulate discussion. endemical SCHOOL ATTENDANCE RECORDINGS 3 TO 5 age OF eld AGE MAJOR CITY REMOTE bailiwick rattling(prenominal) REMOTE AREA 3 31% 12% 14% 4 63% 59% 55% 5 87% 77% 70% Table 1 author Population Characteristics, immemorial and Torres Strait island-dweller Australians, Australia, 2006 (cat. no. 4713. 0).This table shows the percentage of three to five division old Indigenous children go to an educational institution such as a preschool or primary school in a major city, outdoor(a) or in truth contradictory area. As expected, the attendance decreases as remoteness increases. There isnt much disparity with the four and five grade old age groups attendance, however less than half three form old Indigenous children in a major city attend an educational facil ity in a major city and wherefore this figure almost halves again when looking at children in real remote areas.INDIGENOUS SCHOOL ATTENDANCE RECORDINGS 15 TO 17 YEARS OF AGE AGE MAJOR CITY REMOTE AREA VERY REMOTE AREA 15 77% 67% 53% 16 60% 49% 34% 17 44% 29% 16% Table 2 Source Population Characteristics, indigen and Torres Strait island-dweller Australians, Australia, 2006 (cat. no. 4713. 0) The results in this table are noticeably alarming. In remote and very remote areas, 50% or under of Indigenous teenagers from the ages of fifteen, xvi and cardinal eld are attending school. If alone 16% of s level offteen year old Indigenous students are attending high school, thence there is a very low chance of young Indigenous persons graduating from the final year of high school.In major cities, not even half of Indigenous seventeen year olds are attending high school. Its highly un apt(predicate) that with an attendance rate is tho 44% from seventeen year olds in major cities, that many of those students will put out on to complete a non-school qualification. HIGHTEST LEVEL OF SCHOOL COMPLETED BY INDIGENOUS SATUS AND AGE AGE GROUP 18-24 25-34 35-54 55 and over marrow Indigenous Highest Level (%) course 12 or similar 32 28 15 8 19 year 11 or equivalent 14 13 9 2 11 Year 10 or equivalent 25 26 34 16 28 Non-Indigenous Highest Level (%) Year 12 or equivalent 71 68 76 27 45.Year 11 or equivalent 10 9 12 7 10 Year 10 or equivalent 13 16 29 26 24 Table 3 Source Population Characteristics, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2006 (cat. no. 4713) The information gathered in the preceding(prenominal) table shows that the highest school level qualification of Indigenous people is Year 10 or the equivalent and for Non-Indigenous people its Year 12 or equivalent. As assumed, for Indigenous persons, the amount of Year 12 completions declines with age. Indicating that perhaps, programs put in place to support Indigenous education has been effective. How ever, overall, only 19% of Indigenous persons have blameless Year 12.Further studies showed that 14% of Indigenous people had completed Year 8 or the equivalent as their highest school qualification. This was exactly bivalent the amount of Non-Indigenous persons who had completed Year 8 or the equivalent and only 5% lower than the amount of Indigenous persons who completed Year 12 or the equivalent. The disparity between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous young people (age 18 to 24 years) who have completed Year 12 of equivalent is a huge 40%.These statistics of the highest school qualification get reflects on the results of highest non-school qualifications. . Indigenous (%) Non-Indigenous (%) Males Females Males Females Higher than a Bachelor degree 1. 0 1. 4 5. 9 5. 9 Bachelor degree 2. 9 5. 0 14. 3 16. 8 Advance Diploma or Diploma 3. 1 5. 3 7. 8 10. 3 Certificate III and IV level 15. 8 8. 3 25. 8 8. 5 Certificate I and II level 1. 4 2. 5 0. 7 1. 6 Certificate not further delimit 1. 2 2. 0 1. 4 2. 7 Not stated or inadequately stated 17. 6 13. 9 6. 2 7. 3 No non-school qualifications 57. 1 61. 7 37. 9 46. 8 PERSONS AGED 26-64 YEARS WITH A NON-SCHOOL QUALIFICATION BY INDIGENOUS STATUS AND GENDER.Table 4 Source 2006 count of Population and Housing, Australia, 2006 This table displays the non-school qualifications achieved by Indigenous and Non-Indigenous males and females. Following on from the highest school qualification results, it was not surprising to find that to a greater extent Non-Indigenous Australians had received certificates III and IV, diplomas, advanced diplomas and Bachelor degrees or higher. It was disconcerting to note that more than 50% of Indigenous males and females had no non-school qualification. The majority of both Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians had completed a certificate III or IV.Further seek showed that Indigenous persons living in major cities, when compared to those in regional or remote areas, were more than two and a half times more likely to complete a non-school qualification (39% and 15% respectively). However, strangely for Non-Indigenous persons with a non-school qualification in remote communities, there was not a disparity as badr between those that lived in major cities (58% for major cities and 48. 6% for remote areas. LABOUR FORCE STATUS BY INDIGENOUS STATUS Indigenous Total (%) Full era Employment 27. 7 conk out Time Employment 16. 6 Non-Indigenous Full Time Employment 50.0 Part Time Employment 19. 1 Table 5 Source 2006 Census of Population and Housing, Australia, 2006 The above is a small overview of the overall percent of full time and part time employment for Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians. ABSENTEEISM Days slay Total Days tutor Terms Missed Years of develop Missed 1 day per week 451 9 2 years, 1 enclosure 1. 5 days per week 676. 5 13. 5 3 years, 1. 5 terms 2 days per week 902 18 4 years, 2 terms 3 days per week 1353 27 6 years, 3 terms 5 weeks per term 1127. 5 22 5 years, 2 terms Average 5 days per term 220 5. 5 1 year, 1. 5 terms Average 10 days per term 440 11 2 years, 3 terms ABSENTEEISM OVER A unyielding PERIOD OF TIME Table 6 Source Cycles For Success DETE, SA, 2002 p. 44. The above table calculates the impact of absenteeism over a long period of time, bring out the severity of prolonged absenteeism. Even a child who only has 5 days off a term, every term can be affected they will miss a total of 1 year and 1. 5 terms, thats a lot of course of instruction covered in that time. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? An abridged version of Reasons for prolonged absenteeism from School attendance and retention Of Indigenous Australian students. Parental-condoned absenteeism, parents failing to accept their legal responsibilities Poor parental/carer attitudes towards schools insufficiently valuing education Inadequate welfare support practices, especially in the betimes years of schooling In consistent approach to absenteeism between and within schools contradictory curriculum for some pupils Too few out-of-school/alternative curriculum places Bullying, peer pressure, cool to skip school Lack of career aspirations and low self esteem Inconsistent policies and practices of local schools, education welfare work and schools policy documents on attendance Inconsistent referral policies between schools. Local unemployment, poverty, short community facilities Differences between boys and girls aspirations and achievements (Purdie & Buckley, 2010) MOST RECENTLY ANNOUNCED authorities STRATERGY In December, 2013 Indigenous Affairs Minister Scullion released an announcement of a new two- year strategy to improve Indigenous school attendance. A child attending school 70 per cent of the time is not receiving a proper education.A recent COAG report on education showed there had been no improvement in attendance of Indigenous students over the ultimo five years and in some areas it is going notwithstandingtockswards. It is horrific to conceive of that in the Northern Territory, only 13 per cent of kids are attending school 80 per cent of the time. This has to change. Minister Scullion said the two-year strategy, which is in addition to strategies discussed by COAG last week, would improve school attendance by engaging local people in each(prenominal) community to get kids to school. $28. 4 million will be provided over two years to ?Employ attendance Supervisors to manage and develop up to five School Attendance Officers in each community ? Appoint School Attendance Officers through the Remote Jobs and Communities Programme (RJCP) to work with families to get kids to school. Five officers will be engaged for each 100 enrolled children (scaled to suit local situations) ? bequeath support for children to attend school with funds from the Indigenous Communities Strategic investiture and Community Development Funds for uniforms, vehicles and o ffice space Schlievs, M. (2011). Evaluation of two Year Strategy RECOMMENDATIONS Introduce vocational training within schools vocational training should be encouraged at a school level.It not only provides a post school pathway into a non-school qualification, exclusively it provides incentive for everyday attendance and a valid reason to move in school. Students who dont intend on completing year 12 can obtain a non-school qualification in the beginning they guide high school, providing them with a means to enter a non- school qualification post-high school if they so wish. It will also allow students to go great into employment post school. Schools can be set up to have it off VET (Vocational Education and Training) and VCAL (Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning).These structured programs run in schools allow high school aged children to engage in active learning in the classroom with small assessment tasks leading to a certificate. Many Australian Indigenous communit ies are low socioeconomic areas if their high schools operate these programs within the school they are providing a financially possible way for students to review a non-school qualification. Adapt curriculum to incorporate Indigenous cultural needs and wants Many Indigenous students have poor attendance be typesetters case the school curriculum does not appeal to them, their family or their communities culture.To have students actively engaged in school, both attendance and their education, the school syllabus needs to reflect the purlieu the children live in. Simple adoptions can make a large difference to a childs education. For example, ensuring the level assign reading lists has Indigenous story books. There are a large range of Australian Indigenous childrens picture books and novels for older children that are written by Indigenous authors and based in Indigenous communities.If a child is reading a book with a setting theyve never encountered before, it will become tricky to engage the child in activities and it will become easier for the child to become disinterested in their education and as a result their attendance will decrease. Art and storytelling are prominent features of Australian Indigenous culture, so is spending time exploring the natural environment and learning valuable lessons from community Elders in regards to understanding the natural resources in the area, such as edible plants.Unfortunately, these skills the children acquire in their home life arent reflected in school curriculum, making the children and their families feel not only that their culture isnt valued, but attending school isnt applicable to them and their community lifestyle. Encouraging more parent participation in childrens schooling It is easier for a child to attend school if the parent or guardian encourages, supports and helps further their education in the home. When parents are stringent on their childs attendance, it advocates the school in having the chi ld attend each day. For a parent to be involved in the childs formal learning, they must be a involved with the school community.Schools and educators acknowledge that learning first comes from the home, and in the case of Indigenous culture, it comes from the wider community. It would be very fitting for the school in Indigenous communities to run community days and activities in which the children and their families can participate, making it easier for families to accept the school as part of the community. Financial assistance outside of school educational assistance Indigenous students can miss large portions of school during the time of Sorry Business. When Aboriginal people mourn the loss of a family member they practice Aboriginal death ceremonies, or Sorry Business.The family will leave the community for an prolonged period of time, and if they choose to return to the community, they will move houses. This can cause a large amount of absence for a school child, or if they move to a new community, they may never enrol posterior into school again. Its difficult for a child to catch up on such a prolonged absence. If, as part of the national plan for lack of Indigenous student absences, a funded educator could assist children a community centre, such as a religious place, health centre of community recreation centre to catch up on missed school work, it would be most beneficial.This program could also be used to provide extra assistance to children who are falling tail assembly in their school work, before they decide its too difficult and never return to school. Initiatives such as this are respectful to the culture, but also combat the issue of students not returning to school by and by prolonged absence. CONCLUSION It is important to first discover what is causing the problem, before deciding on a strategy to solve a problem. Indigenous communities need to find out from their youth what would encourage them to attend and be engaged at school. Educ ation is a foundation for any community, whether it is essential or developing.In the case of Australian Indigenous communities, school ages education doesnt only assist a person achieve a qualification, it is important for social development, encouraging health and wellbeing in a community and will enhance future employment opportunities. There is a pressing need for an Australian Indigenous Education Reform. This need for reform is especially necessary in remote and northern, socially disadvantaged Australian communities where attendance rates are low, along with low academic outcomes by Australian national standards.This reform needs to ensure consideration of Indigenous cultural needs and wants. Any recommendations that have been made, can be fitting to assist with similar situations in various countries with remote education being behind the national benchmark in major cities. REFERENCES Abs. gov. au. (2014). Indigenous statistics for schools. online Retrieved from http//www. abs. gov. au/websitedbs/cashome. nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/95ed8 14872649b0dca25758b000314ef OpenDocument Accessed 12 February.Abs. gov. au. (2014). Indigenous statistics for schools. online Retrieved from http//www.abs. gov. au/websitedbs/cashome. nsf/89a5f3d8684682b6ca256de4002c809b/5cd416 49a06a3033ca25758a0080249e OpenDocument Accessed 20 February 2014. Coag. gov. au. (2014). 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