Role of Youth in Eradicating Corruption

Laser and its medical applications Presented by S. vignesh J. sabastian The Advent of the Laser Scalpel azoic experimenters with medical optical masers pointed come in that there ar surgical operations that ar difficult to perform with the unoriginal scalpel and that a optical maser rotating shaft cogency be determinationd instead. Initial trials showed that a finely focussinged air out from a carbon dioxide gas optical maser could shave through serviceman tissue easily and neatly. The surgeon could direct the channel from any run by employ a mirror mounted on a movable metal arm. Several goods of optical maser process quickly became appargonnt.First, the dizzy strike is consistent, which means that it gives tally the same count of energy from In this photo taken during open- lovingness surgery, a ready uses a laser look into to punch small holes in the patient roles heart muscle to increase the organs rootage flow. wiz second to the next. So as long as t he shot is moving along, the cut it makes (the incision) does non vary in depth whereas when using a scalpel a rectify seat accidentally make soften of the incision too deep. A second advantage of the surgical laser is that the hot fall cauterizes, or seals off, the open stock certificate vessels as it moves along. This full treatment well mainly for small vessels, such as those in the skin. The doctor still has to seal off the larger blood vessels using conventional methods. ) Still another advantage is that the cells in human tissue do not conduct heat truly well, so the skin or any other tissue near the laser incision does not compensate very hot and is not affected by the pass around. This advantage of laser surgery is very helpful when a doctor mustinessiness operate on a small field of honor that is surrounded by healthy tissue or organs. It should be pointed out that the laser scalpel is not necessarily the best tool to use in every operation.Some doctors e xperience that while the laser is useful in some(a) situations, it will neer totally replace the scalpel. Others are more optimistic and crack a day when more advanced lasers will make the scalpel a social occasion of the past. The second of these views may prove to be the more or less accurate, for surgical use of lasers is rapidly advancing. At first, lasers were considered most strengthive in operating on areas that are easy to reachareas on the bodys exterior, including the skin, mouth, nose, ears, and snappers. But in late years doctors have demonstrated unparalleled progress in develop laser techniques for use in internal exploration and surgery.Of course, in severalize to be able to direct the laser beam the doctor must be able to prove inside the body. In some cases this is a simple matter of making an incision and opening up the area to be operated on. But there are situations in which this step nominate be avoided. Cleaning Arteries with Light For instance, las ers are increasingly used to despoil nerve from peoples arteries. Plaque is a tough fatty substance that fuck build up on the inside walls of the arteries. Eventually the vessels thunder mug get so clogged that blood does not flow regularly, and the result can be a heart attack or stroke, both of which are serious and sometimes fatal.The traditional method for removing the plaque involves opening the dressing table and making several incisions, a long and sometimes risky operation. It is in any case expensive and requires weeks for recovery. An effective alternative is to use a laser beam to burn away the plaque. The key to making this work is the doctors ability to see inside the artery and direct the beam, another area in which fibre optics and lasers are combined into a modern wonder tool. An optic persona that has been connected to a tiny television camera can be inserted into an artery.These elements now beget a miniature sensor that allows the doctor and nurses to se e inside the artery while a second fiber is inserted to maintain the bursts of light that will burn away the plaque. The technique works in the following way. The fiber-optic array is inserted into a blood vessel in an arm or leg and moved slowly into the area of the heart and blocked arteries. When the array is in place the laser is fired and the plaque destroyed, and then the exhaust vapors are sucked buns through a tiny hollow tube that is inserted along with the optical fibers.When the artery has been cleaned out the doctor acquires the fibers and tube, and the operation is finished. This medical process is known as laser angioplasty. It has several obvious advantages. First, no incision is needed (except for the small one in the vessel to insert the fibers). There is similarly little or no bleeding, and the patient can enjoy total recovery in a day or two. Laser angioplasty does have some effectiveness risks that must be considered. First, when the laser beam fires at the plaque it must be aimed very carefully e campaign a slight miss could cut through the wall of the artery and cause serious bleeding. The patients chest would then have to be opened up after all. other trouble involves small pieces of burnt debris from the Surgeons use a tiny laser to cut away tissue in a gallbladder operation. The laser and a tiny camera are inserted into the navel, so no type AB incision is necessary. . Lasers Heal and Reshape the Eyes Some of the most re mentionable breakthroughs for medical lasers have been in the area of ophthalmology, the study of the structure and diseases of the eye.One drive that laser beams are so useful in treating the eye is that the cornea, the practical application that covers the eyeball and admits light into the interior of the eye, is transparent. Since it is designed to admit ordinary light, the cornea lets in laser light just as well and ashes unmoved(p) by the beam. First, the laser is very useful in removing extraneous blo od vessels that can form on the retinathe thin, light-sensitive membrane at the cover version of the eyeball. It is on the retina that the images of the things the eye sees are formed. Damage to the retina can sometimes cause blindness.The laser most often used in the treatment of this agent is tycooned by a medium of argon gas. The doctor aims the beam through the cornea and burns away the tangle of blood vessels covering the retina. The modus operandi takes only a few minutes and can be do in the doctors office. The laser can also recur a devoid retinaone that has broken loose from the rear part of the eyeball. Before the coming of lasers detached retinas had to be repaired by hand, and because the retina is so delicate this was a very difficult operation to perform. Using the argon laser, the doctor can actually weld the torn retina subscribe in place.It is perhaps a contrary coincidence that Gordon Gould, one of the original inventors of the laser, later had one of his own retinas repaired this way. Another condition that affects the eye is glaucoma, which is characterized by the buildup of fluid in the eye. Normally the eyes vivid fluids beetle off away a little at a time, and the eye stays healthy. In eyes impaired with glaucoma the fluid does not drain properly, and the buildup affects vision blindness can sometimes result. In some cases drugs can be used to treat glaucoma. If the drugs fail, however, many doctors now turn to the laser to avoid onventional surgery. The laser punches a hole in a preplanned sight and the fluid drains out through the hole. Again, the treatment can be performed in a doctors office instead of a hospital. Using Lasers for Eye cognitive operation The laser works like a sewing machine to repair a detached retina, the membrane that lines the interior of the eye. The laser beam is change so that it can pass harmlessly through the lens and focus on tiny spots around the damaged area of the retina. When it is focused , the beam has the intensity to weld or seal the detached area of the retina back against the wall of the eyeball.The patients eyeglass prescription is literally carved inside the cornea with the beam of an excimer laser a laser device that produces pulses of ultraviolet, or UV, light. A small seethe of the cornea is first removed with a precision knife . . . and an A patient undergoes eye surgery performed by a laser beam. In access to treating detached retinas, lasers can remove cataracts. inner portion of the cornea is exposed to the excimer laser. later the prescription is carved, the corneal flap that was opened is then put back into place over the ablated surgically altered cornea. 6 LASIK does not come without risks.The changes it makes in the cornea are permanent, and the danger of unexpected damage is ever present. However, the procedure has become increasingly popular each year about a cardinal Americans had it done in the year 2000, and about four thousand surgeons in the United States were trained to perform it. Some Cosmetic Uses of Lasers Medical lasers are also widely used for various types of cosmetic surgery, including the removal of trustworthy kinds of birthmarks. Port-wine stains, reddish discolor skin blotches that appear on about triad out of every one thousand children, are an example.Such stains can mark any part of the body just now are most ordinarily found on the face and neck. The medical laser is able to remove a port-wine stain for the same reason that a military laser is able to flash a message to a submerged submarine. twain lasers take advantage of the monochromatic quality of laser light, that is, its ability to give off in one specific color. The stain is made up of thousands of tiny malformed blood vessels that have a definite reddish purple color. This color very strongly absorbs a certain shade of kelvin light. In concomitant, that is why the stain looks red.It absorbs the green and other colors in white light but reflects the red back to peoples eyes. To treat the stain, the doctor runs a wide low-power beam of green light across the discolored area. The plurality of blood vessels in the stain absorbs the energetic laser light and becomes so hot that it is actually burned away. The surrounding skin is a variant color than the stain, so that skin absorbs only small amounts of the beam and remains unburned. (Of course, the burned A doctor uses an argon laser to remove a port-wine stain, a kind of birthmark.Unwanted tissue is burned away while normal skin remains undamaged. areas must heal, and during this process some minor differentiatering sometimes occurs. ) Laser-Assisted Dentistry Dentistry is another branch of medicine that has benefited tremendously from laser technology. Indeed, lasers have made some people stop dreading a berate to the dentist. No one enjoys having a cavity applicationed, of course. It usually requires an anesthetic (a anodyne like novocaine) that causes unc omfortable numbness in the mouth also, the sound of the drill can be irritating or even sickening to some people.Many dentists now employ an Nd-YAG laser (which uses a crystal for its lasing medium) instead of a drill for most cavities. The laser treatment takes advantage of the simple fact that the material that forms in a cavity is much softer than the enamel (the trying part of a tooth). The laser is set at a power that is just strong enough to eliminate the decayed tissue but not strong enough to harm the enamel. When treating a very deep cavity bleeding sometimes occurs, and the laser beam often seals off blood vessels and stops the bleeding. The most often asked question about treating cavities with lasers is Does it get?The answer is no. Each burst of laser light from a dental laser lasts only thirty-trillionths of a second, much faster than the amount of time a nerve takes to trigger pain. In other words, the beam would have to last 100 million times longer in order to cau se any discomfort. So this sort of treatment requires no anesthetic. Advantages of Lasers for dental Surgery In this excerpt from an article in The Dental Clinics of North America Robert A. Strauss of the Medical College of Virginia mentions some of the advantages of using lasers for oral surgery. diminish post-operative swelling is characteristic of laser use for oral surgery.Decreased swelling allows for change magnitude safety when performing surgery within the airway the mouth . . . and increases the range of surgery that oral surgeons can perform safely without fear of airway compromise. This effect allows the surgeon to perform many procedures in an office or outpatient installment that previously would have required hospitalization. . . . Tissue healing and scarring are also improved with the use of the laser. . . . Laser wounds generally heal with minimal scar formation and . . . often can be left unsutured without stitches, another evident advantage. Thus the role of l aser in medical field is most predominant.