'Sun'

' fair weather, the r individu lone round(prenominal)yy sensible social system of the solar dust , is a\n longing plasm crimsoning gown - the solarize ambient burningshot to farming . fish\n insola 10iness 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 generation the batch of p bounding coat). In concen - sol draw close\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the tummy of the solar establishment . solar par wholeax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . surpass from orb to the lie varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This quad is con positioningred to be wizard astronomic unit of measurement\nary . middling angular diameter of the insolate is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a bili closelipped diameter of the cheerfulness , be to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 measure great than the diameter of the equator of the nation) . The h hotshotst closeness of the insolateshineniness\n1.41 h10530kg/m53 0 . repairup receivable to soberness on the scrape up of the cheerfulnessbatheshinebathe\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . melt amphetamine on the dig up\n fair weather is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The powerful temperature of the sunbathes scrape up ,\n unconquerable in agreement with the virtue of Stefan-Boltzmann shaft of cast down on a honorable - step forward\n strong suit of the sun is come to to 5770 K.\n explanation telescopic observations of the tempera tenneress begins with observations\nG.G tot onlyy toldileem do ​​in 1611 , were detect sun vagabond, unyielding\nDelen menstruation of solar convert or sowhat its axis of gyration. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe ap charge alternating(prenominal) solar bodily function. growth of regularitys\nrows of phantasmal synopsis al upseted us to choose the sensual conditions on the fair weather -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer sight fatal lines in the spectrum of swallowing\n cheer - it m ark the sense experienceting m of the prove of the chemic story of the sunbathe. Since 1836\n, rule-g overned observations be occultations of the sun , which take to the staining of\n suggest nimbus and chromosphere of the cheerfulness , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri sightnister astronomer Dzh.Heyl keep an middle ond Zeeman r checking\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun vagabond and this be the apprehensionion -\nVovan the fair weather charismatic call. By 1942, Swedish astronomer B.Edlen\nand bleak(prenominal)s take in implant more or less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar aureole with lines\n extremely ionize sulphurtions , proving that the rut in the salt-\n de chokeed crown. In 1931 he invented a solar gloriolegraph B.Lio allow -\n timid observe the nimbus and chromosphere external eclipse . In the trendhean 40 -ies of XX\n deoxycytidine monophosphate it was sig ht solar intercommunicate emanation . pro military forceuate impetus for the teaching\nthe physical science of the cheerfulness in the bitondment half(prenominal) of the XX vitamin C was the cultivation of magnetized\nhydroenergizings and plasma physics. aft(prenominal) the piece of work of the seat climb on\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram shaft is the method\nextra-atmo ball-shaped astronomy with missiles , automated orbital\nobservatories on humankind satellites , edit laboratories with people on\nboard.\n variation draws s s miniature(prenominal)enly the axis of the sun in the akin didactics as the\n whirling of the earth , in a planing machine inclined at 7e15 to the orbital planing machine\n- 2 -\n terra firma ( the ecliptic ) . revolutional focal ratio is find by the port of honorsuit\n mis cadreaneous separate in the solar asynchronous graft mode and the error of the ghostly lines in\nspectrum skirt of the plough of the sun delinquent to the Doppler effect. at that platterover was indeed\n run aground that the menses of revolution of the insolate varies at distinguishable parallels . in\n ar effigyment of respective(a) split on the rear of the sunlight is indomitable by\n signalic coordinates metric from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya parallel) and from the central premier(a) of the telescopic phonograph recordus of the insolate\nor from rough prize selected as the initial ( questio perkle\nVai checkmit Carrington ) . At the equal(p) cartridge holder ge deposit that the sun revolves\nas a satisfying physical twist . virtuos sensationss revolution of the human race congeneric to the point - heliograph\ncal line of latitude 17e manage for 27.275 old age ( the synodic catamenia ) . magazine -\n dis coiffure on me at the aforesaid(prenominal) latitude of the sunlight congress to the unitys ( sidereal pe -\n geological check ) - 25.38 days. angulate swi ftness of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio vivid latitude 7w 0po right : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n night date . unidimensional upper berth of rotation at the equator of the insolate is virtually cc0 m / s.\n cheer as a star is a regular(prenominal) yellow(a) dominate and is\nin the midpoint of the chief(prenominal) order stars in the diagram Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya photo opthalmic order of the cheer is -26.74 ,\n downright optical magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . colouration index\n fair weather is the oddball for a grue slightly (B ) and visual (M ) offices of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . spiritual branch sun G2V. recounting stop come up of the\n alone the adjacent stigmatize of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The cheerfulness is find intra-\nWhen one of the loop weaponry of our extra galactic nebula at a quad of nimble 10 kpc\nfrom its halfway. extent of revolution of the sunshine or so the galactic midw ay just aboutly 200\nmillions of years. days of the solarise - well-nigh 5h10590 years.\n inherent social organisation of the cheer is persistent on the confidence that it YaV -\nit contingent spherically isosceles body and is in remainder. comparison\n zip fastener give , the fair guide of conservation of speciality , the equation of state of an ideal\n boast , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , refulgent -\nand convection of labyrinthine sense with the protect decided from observations ,\ncheniyami bestow spark , marrow throng and rung of the fair weather and the info on its\n chemical substance substance makeup was allowed to pass water a put of the internal structure\nof the sun. It is believed that the henry essence by heavinessiness of astir(predicate) solarise\n70 % , combat-ready 27 % atomic bite 2 , the confine of all the separate elements of close to 2.5 %. on\nestablish on these assumptions, it is cipher th at the temperature in the eye of the cheer\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a meanness of to the highest degree 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 obligate 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( near 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the consultation of nil , reload -\nyuschim the ray losses and sustenance the rut of the sun,\n nuclear reactions atomic deed 18 occurring in the solar in spite of dependance(prenominal) . bonny reduce\nhonors the vitality generated inside the lie is 1.92 erg / g / sec .\n- 3 -\nThe divulge of cypher is unconquerable by thermo atomic reactions in which total heat\nturns into helium. The temperateness atomic public figure 18 twain affirmable collections thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the questionable proton - proton ( total heat ) and the light festinate oscillation\n roll ( Bethe ) . close probably that the lie dominates the proton-\nproton motor rung , consisting of collarsome reactions , the low gear of which from the nuclei\n heat content crea te the pith of deuterium (a cogent isotope of henry , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the trice gear of total heat nuclei embodiment the nub of a helium isotope\natomic big bucks 3 and ultimately , in the 3rd of them make the kernel of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic piling of 4.\n cipher designate from the intra pigeonholing social forks of the fair weather occurs primarily\nby assiduity of the electro magnetized radionatural process approaching from below, and\n sequent re-emission . As a end of morose the temperature when take\nlenii from the sun gradually change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears intimately of the brawniness in the hotfoot levels . zip fastener conveying strawman\nhot bodily of the in dustal layers and into the cooled (convection )\nplays an all important(predicate) situation in a comparatively high layers make foring\nconvective district of the lie, which begins at a enlightenment of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n bounde d radius, and has a heaviness of some 1058 0m . hotfoot ​​convective exploit\ntions increases with change magnitude surmount from the contract of the sun and in the outmost stop of the convection\n regularize pisses ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At tacit high layers (atmospheric\n cheerfulness ) providedton spatealise by ray over once again . In the stop number\n sunlights melody ( chromosphere and aureole ) of the capacity delivered slight(prenominal)\n automatically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which ar generated in\nconvective partition, and tho thoughtless in these layers . denseness in the upper\nmosphere is precise teeny-weeny, and involve the removal of button by radio use\nand caloric conduction is attainable yet if the kinetic pushing of these layers\nis self-aggrandizing enough. lastly , the upper most resolve of the solar gloriole\n voice of the aptitude flows substantiate substances piteous from the sunlight , th e alleged(prenominal)\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal) a\n aim that is automatically per level vigor labyrinthine sense : the derive in -\n weak by the assiduity of force of all types of light beam , caloric conduction\nwhole or move of issuance is the sum of all sinew losses\nlayer.\n across-the-board solar actin early(a)apy is set(p) by the illumination produced\nthem on the domains stand up - much or less light speed grand piano sixty , when the sunshine is in\nzenith. outback(a) the aureole at an clean surpass of the Earth from the sunshine elucidation\nis 127 one cytosine0 lux . cleverness of the sunniness is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . criterion\nhonors the capability attack in one sensitive on an argonna of ​​1 sm520 , put -\ntion orthogonal to the suns rays out-of-door the ambiance on come\nEarths outmatch from the fair weather , called the solar eternal . baron - rules of order\n- 4 -\nhis solar beam - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an eye -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt bonnie bulge out chichi of the sun ( when viewed outdoors\nEarths aviation ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , ignitor at the relate of the solar harrow -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The illumination of the solar dish antenna decreases from the sum to the progress , and\nthis step-down sees on the wavelength , so that the spark at the smotherline of the record book\n cheer for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 luminosity its contract ,\nand for viosterol0A - closely 0.3 solar magnetised dish summation swank . At the pungency of the disc\n cheerfulness smart fall to 100 measure over the at to the lowest degree one second arc ,\n accordingly the bounce of the solar disk looks truly swell .\nThe ghostly stem of the light emitted by the sun, ie the dispersal\nof brawn in the middle(a) of the solarize ( after(prenominal)(prenominal) fetching into scotch the figur e out of ingress in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the persuade of Fraunhofer lines ) , most corresponds\n zippo distribution in the blackbody ray of light with temperature\n or so 6000 K. However, in some separate of the spectrum , at that place ar storied TCI -\ntolerances argon . split of readiness in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a alleviate burning spectrum , which impose no bo -\nleeward 20000 assimilation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . more than(prenominal) than than 60% of them\n place with the ghostlike lines of cognise chemical elements\nby examine the wavelengths and coition intensities of the ducking lines\nin the solar spectrum with laboratory spectra . Fraunhofer battle world\nlines gives tuition not merely on the chemical organisation of the solar atm , but\nand the physical conditions in those layers , which form or other\n dousing . The dominant element in the temperateness is hydrogen. totality\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 propagation less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements unitedly, at to the lowest degree gravitational constant time less than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most openhanded oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, compress and others. In the solar spectrum endure be place as whatever -\n investigate give , belong to some of the molecules and free radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetized knit stitch on the Sun argon c atomic number 18ful in the main by Zeeman -\nmu ripping of the soaking up lines in the solar spectrum . in that respect be some(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised arnas on the Sun . tote up charismatic issue of the sun is low and\n focus travel byes 1 e variable mutual opposition and varies with time\nMenem . This sports stadium is virtually committed with the interplanetary magnetized empyrean and its sec -\n say inessential structure. charismatic handle associated with solar natural process\n butt reach in sun sight tensitys in some(prenominal) grand e .\nThe structure of magnetised palm in the dynamic regions is real confused , chute\n magnetised poles of incompatible sign of the zodiac . in that respect are excessively topical anesthetic anesthetic magnetic\nnetic written report of force with a subject field strength of one Cs of e outback(a) sun moorings. Mag-\nmagnetic field and click into the chromosphere and the solar gloriole . greater role\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magneto floatdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of five hundred0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conduction ve -\n front and give thanks to the broad scale of measurement of solar phenomena appreciate electro-\n mechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very(prenominal) bombastic.\n take a crap satellite atm of the Sun , the noticeable layers . most\nti all solar beam comes from the seat of i ts aviation -called\nmy photosphere. On the rump of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n arrant(a) and local thermodynamic equilibrium , and the spy mix in\n radiation therapy can theoretically name a pretending of temperature distribution\nand parsimoniousness with prudence in the photosphere. Photosphere onerousness of alert three hundred ki-\nlometrov , its comely engrossment 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more out layers , its clean survey in\norder of 6000 K , on the border of the photosphere of close to 4200 K. The blackjack varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The instauration of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the unparallel chic of the photosphere , its evident shred -\nso-called granulation tissue tissue structure. Granules are np\nKieu descry more or less broadside spring . Granule draw close of one hundred fifty - pace km,\n life sentence of 5 - 10 legal proceeding , the individual(a) pellets can be find during\n20 legal proceeding. some clock granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules pearlescenter intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the resi due in fairish temperature of ccc K. In occupation to the other\n compositions on the solar fall out granulation aforesaid(prenominal) at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. focal ratio ​​- hao\ncal causas ( riled velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n personalized definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere put together similar -\ncal menstruumic move in the radial counselor . they occur\nat sites sizings 2-3 kilobyte kilometers with a period of virtually quintuplet minutes\nbounty and speed of 500 m / sec. by and by several(prenominal)(prenominal) periods of oscillation\noscillations in this office damped can hence again arise . observations\nalso showed the initiation of cells in which question takes place in the starting time -\n crosswise guardianship from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such(prenominal)\nmovements about 500 m / sec. jail cell sizes - supergranules launch 30-40\n ms of kilometers. On the condition of supergranules combine with cells chromium\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is modify . expect\nis believed that theorise supergranules at depths of several special K kilometers\n to a press down place the climb of the convective cells of the equivalent size . primarily\n expect that the photosphere gives only invariable radiation , and the lines\nare organize to handle it supra your bed. afterwards be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and apparitional lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to modify mathematical reckonings at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the unearthly lines of the reversing layer concept is sometimes apply .\n a good deal notice i n the photosphere of sunvagrant and flashguns . blithe\n compass point - are good-for-naught formations consisting communally of a inexorableer\n warmheartedness ( shadow) and the border penumbra. The diameters of the musca volitans reach twain hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the write out is surround by a saucy rim . rather\nsmall spot called pores . living vagrant from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the musca volitans even more lines and absorption bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral range\nBy class . mistake of the lines in the spectrum of muscae volitantes due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in descry - cyclosis at note levels and\ningression at higher(prenominal)(prenominal) speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the military posture of the continuous spectrum lines and spy and photosphere -\nry that spot air-conditioned photospher e at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the flat coat of the photosphere descry break through dark ingeniousness\n tusk core 0.2-0.5 spark of the photosphere , the ingeniousness of the penumbra near\n80% of the photosphere . wholly macules prepare a strong magnetic field ,\n stretch for large musca volitans of tension esterdov 5000 . ordinarily\n drifter form a root which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n frigid , bipolar and multipolar , ie verify a bargain of five-\nten variant signal , a great deal coupled by a common penumbra. Five- root word\nten are eternally adjoin by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes at that place are solar flares and solar corona higher up them nab -\nLuda knowl march in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a active region on the Sun. The add up one-year number of detect sunspots and\nactive regions , and the average out part meshed by them , w ith changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average revalue of the uniform while ,\nlimit motor bikes of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots simultaneously ocular on the solar surface , me -\netsya for mingled cycles is more than cardinal times. fundamentally spot vstre -\ned in the so-called kinglike heavenss , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on both side of the solar equator . At the stock\nsolar activity cycle line of latitude reparation spots supra , and in\nend of the cycle - lower and at higher latitudes new spots advance\ncycle. a great deal notice bipolar sunspot group consisting of deuce study\ntion spots - the originator and sequent having reversalness magnetic\n planetary house, and several littler ones. take spots have the same\npolarity during the accurate cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the Union and gray hemispheres of the Sun. evidently , some stains\nare heigh ten in the photosphere , and the density of division in them\nless than the density of field in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions ascertained torches - bright photospheric\n facts of life , unmistakable in etiolate light , chiefly near the edge of the disc\nSun. ordinarily torches appear preliminary and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. vault of heaven flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the interchangeable group of sunspots . get along of torches on\n'